• •
陈饶1,3(), 赵鑫2(), 陈戴欣1, 姜圣坤2, 廉应江1, 王金波2, 杨梅1, 陈光文1,3()
收稿日期:
2024-01-12
修回日期:
2024-02-08
出版日期:
2024-03-08
通讯作者:
赵鑫,陈光文
作者简介:
陈饶(1998—),男,博士研究生,chenrao@dicp.ac.cn
基金资助:
Rao CHEN1,3(), Xin ZHAO2(), Daixin CEHN1, Shengkun JIANG2, Yingjiang LIAN1, Jinbo WANG2, Mei YANG1, Guangwen CHEN1,3()
Received:
2024-01-12
Revised:
2024-02-08
Online:
2024-03-08
Contact:
Xin ZHAO, Guangwen CHEN
摘要:
为实现二硝基甲苯(DNT)的安全高效生产,采用微反应技术,以甲苯为原料、硝硫混酸为硝化剂,研究了甲苯连续二硝化反应过程基本规律。提高反应温度、增加硝酸与甲苯的摩尔比、降低混酸含水量、减小硝硫摩尔比、集成釜式搅拌操作有利于DNT的生成;降低反应温度、提高混酸含水量和硝硫摩尔比,有利于降低2,4-/2,6-DNT比值。针对80/20DNT产品进行了硝化工艺优化。反应温度75℃,混酸含水量14%(质量分数),硝硫摩尔比1/4或1/3,搅拌时间5 min,产物中一硝基甲苯(MNT)含量小于0.2%,2,4-和2,6-DNT含量大于96%,2,4-/2,6-DNT比值小于4.25,其他DNT异构体含量均小于4%,符合行业标准。绝热条件下,室温进料,混酸含水量14%(质量分数),硝硫摩尔比1/4,搅拌时间10 min,产品质量符合行业标准。研究结果为甲苯连续二硝化工艺开发及80/20DNT产品的连续制备提供了基础。
中图分类号:
陈饶, 赵鑫, 陈戴欣, 姜圣坤, 廉应江, 王金波, 杨梅, 陈光文. 微反应器内甲苯连续二硝化制备二硝基甲苯[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240059.
Rao CHEN, Xin ZHAO, Daixin CEHN, Shengkun JIANG, Yingjiang LIAN, Jinbo WANG, Mei YANG, Guangwen CHEN. Continuous dinitration of toluene to dinitrotoluene in a microreactor[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240059.
Item | Quality index | |
---|---|---|
Premium grade | First-grade | |
appearance | no black impurities or suspended solids | |
2,4 + 2,6-DNT (%) ≥ | 95.0 | 95.0 |
2,4-DNT/2,6-DNT | 3.76-4.26 | 3.65-4.41 |
2,5 + 3,5-DNT (%) ≤ | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2,3 + 3,4-DNT (%) ≤ | 4.0 | 4.5 |
MNT (%) ≤ | 0.2 | 0.2 |
TNT (%) ≤ | 0.1 | 0.1 |
nitrocresol (%) ≤ | 0.15 | 0.15 |
表1 80/20DNT产品质量标准主要技术指标(WJ 1898-89)
Table 1 Main technical indicators of 80/20DNT product quality standards
Item | Quality index | |
---|---|---|
Premium grade | First-grade | |
appearance | no black impurities or suspended solids | |
2,4 + 2,6-DNT (%) ≥ | 95.0 | 95.0 |
2,4-DNT/2,6-DNT | 3.76-4.26 | 3.65-4.41 |
2,5 + 3,5-DNT (%) ≤ | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2,3 + 3,4-DNT (%) ≤ | 4.0 | 4.5 |
MNT (%) ≤ | 0.2 | 0.2 |
TNT (%) ≤ | 0.1 | 0.1 |
nitrocresol (%) ≤ | 0.15 | 0.15 |
φ/ % | Qorg/ ml/min | N/S | N/T | T/ ℃ | τ/ min | tstir/ min | MNT/ % | DNT/ % | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 1/1 | 2.10 | 75 | 6.03 | 0 | 5.73 | 94.17 | 89.30 | 4.48 | 4.87 |
5 | 0.77 | 99.23 | 94.15 | 4.52 | 5.08 |
表2 釜式搅拌对甲苯二硝化反应的影响
Table 2 Effect of kettle stirring on the dinitration reaction of toluene
φ/ % | Qorg/ ml/min | N/S | N/T | T/ ℃ | τ/ min | tstir/ min | MNT/ % | DNT/ % | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 1/1 | 2.10 | 75 | 6.03 | 0 | 5.73 | 94.17 | 89.30 | 4.48 | 4.87 |
5 | 0.77 | 99.23 | 94.15 | 4.52 | 5.08 |
φ/% | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 2.07 | 4.5 | 0 | 0.96 | 98.86 | 94.78 | 4.47 | 4.08 |
2.18 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.10 | 99.74 | 95.59 | 4.50 | 4.14 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 0 | 0.03 | 99.82 | 95.68 | 4.49 | 4.14 | |
2.07 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.10 | 99.73 | 95.57 | 4.49 | 4.16 | |
2.18 | 4.4 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.85 | 95.68 | 4.50 | 4.17 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.83 | 95.67 | 4.50 | 4.17 | |
10 | 2.05 | 4.3 | 0 | 9.83 | 90.15 | 86.89 | 4.27 | 3.26 |
2.26 | 4.1 | 0 | 2.03 | 97.96 | 94.30 | 4.35 | 3.66 | |
2.05 | 4.3 | 5 | 6.71 | 93.26 | 89.89 | 4.26 | 3.38 | |
2.26 | 4.1 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.98 | 96.14 | 4.38 | 3.84 | |
12 | 2.09 | 4.7 | 0 | 21.02 | 78.92 | 76.46 | 4.07 | 2.46 |
2.17 | 4.5 | 0 | 16.68 | 83.31 | 80.60 | 4.12 | 2.71 | |
2.25 | 4.3 | 0 | 10.31 | 89.69 | 86.73 | 4.17 | 2.96 | |
2.09 | 4.7 | 5 | 7.76 | 92.02 | 89.08 | 4.11 | 2.94 | |
2.17 | 4.5 | 5 | 3.62 | 96.38 | 93.17 | 4.20 | 3.21 | |
2.25 | 4.3 | 5 | 1.31 | 98.69 | 95.31 | 4.26 | 3.38 | |
14 | 2.08 | 4.5 | 0 | 38.66 | 61.33 | 59.52 | 3.95 | 1.81 |
2.16 | 4.4 | 0 | 38.85 | 61.15 | 59.33 | 3.95 | 1.82 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 0 | 34.80 | 65.20 | 63.23 | 3.97 | 1.96 | |
2.08 | 4.5 | 5 | 22.22 | 77.78 | 75.49 | 3.90 | 2.29 | |
2.16 | 4.4 | 5 | 19.14 | 80.86 | 78.45 | 3.92 | 2.40 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 5 | 15.25 | 84.75 | 82.15 | 4.01 | 2.60 |
表3 不同混酸含水量时硝酸与甲苯的摩尔比对甲苯二硝化反应过程的影响
Table 3 Effect of the molar ratio of nitric acid to toluene on the process of toluene dinitration reaction N/S=1/2, T=75℃
φ/% | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 2.07 | 4.5 | 0 | 0.96 | 98.86 | 94.78 | 4.47 | 4.08 |
2.18 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.10 | 99.74 | 95.59 | 4.50 | 4.14 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 0 | 0.03 | 99.82 | 95.68 | 4.49 | 4.14 | |
2.07 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.10 | 99.73 | 95.57 | 4.49 | 4.16 | |
2.18 | 4.4 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.85 | 95.68 | 4.50 | 4.17 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.83 | 95.67 | 4.50 | 4.17 | |
10 | 2.05 | 4.3 | 0 | 9.83 | 90.15 | 86.89 | 4.27 | 3.26 |
2.26 | 4.1 | 0 | 2.03 | 97.96 | 94.30 | 4.35 | 3.66 | |
2.05 | 4.3 | 5 | 6.71 | 93.26 | 89.89 | 4.26 | 3.38 | |
2.26 | 4.1 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.98 | 96.14 | 4.38 | 3.84 | |
12 | 2.09 | 4.7 | 0 | 21.02 | 78.92 | 76.46 | 4.07 | 2.46 |
2.17 | 4.5 | 0 | 16.68 | 83.31 | 80.60 | 4.12 | 2.71 | |
2.25 | 4.3 | 0 | 10.31 | 89.69 | 86.73 | 4.17 | 2.96 | |
2.09 | 4.7 | 5 | 7.76 | 92.02 | 89.08 | 4.11 | 2.94 | |
2.17 | 4.5 | 5 | 3.62 | 96.38 | 93.17 | 4.20 | 3.21 | |
2.25 | 4.3 | 5 | 1.31 | 98.69 | 95.31 | 4.26 | 3.38 | |
14 | 2.08 | 4.5 | 0 | 38.66 | 61.33 | 59.52 | 3.95 | 1.81 |
2.16 | 4.4 | 0 | 38.85 | 61.15 | 59.33 | 3.95 | 1.82 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 0 | 34.80 | 65.20 | 63.23 | 3.97 | 1.96 | |
2.08 | 4.5 | 5 | 22.22 | 77.78 | 75.49 | 3.90 | 2.29 | |
2.16 | 4.4 | 5 | 19.14 | 80.86 | 78.45 | 3.92 | 2.40 | |
2.26 | 4.3 | 5 | 15.25 | 84.75 | 82.15 | 4.01 | 2.60 |
N/S | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1:3 | 2.05 | 4.8 | 0 | 14.96 | 85.03 | 82.22 | 4.13 | 2.81 |
2.17 | 4.6 | 0 | 11.99 | 88.01 | 85.06 | 4.17 | 2.95 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 0 | 8.86 | 91.14 | 88.03 | 4.17 | 3.11 | |
2.05 | 4.8 | 5 | 1.42 | 98.58 | 95.17 | 4.22 | 3.42 | |
2.17 | 4.6 | 5 | 0.68 | 99.31 | 95.79 | 4.23 | 3.52 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.19 | 99.79 | 96.25 | 4.25 | 3.55 | |
1:4 | 2.05 | 4.9 | 0 | 8.50 | 91.47 | 88.56 | 4.26 | 2.92 |
2.17 | 4.7 | 0 | 5.64 | 94.35 | 91.16 | 4.22 | 3.19 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 0 | 2.57 | 97.41 | 93.94 | 4.19 | 3.47 | |
2.05 | 4.9 | 5 | 2.56 | 97.42 | 94.12 | 4.21 | 3.30 | |
2.17 | 4.7 | 5 | 0.05 | 99.93 | 96.29 | 4.20 | 3.65 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.99 | 96.43 | 4.25 | 3.57 |
表4 不同混酸N/S下硝酸与甲苯的摩尔比对甲苯二硝化反应过程的影响
Table 4 Effect of the molar ratio of nitric acid to toluene on the process of toluene dinitration reaction φ=14%, T=75 ℃
N/S | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1:3 | 2.05 | 4.8 | 0 | 14.96 | 85.03 | 82.22 | 4.13 | 2.81 |
2.17 | 4.6 | 0 | 11.99 | 88.01 | 85.06 | 4.17 | 2.95 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 0 | 8.86 | 91.14 | 88.03 | 4.17 | 3.11 | |
2.05 | 4.8 | 5 | 1.42 | 98.58 | 95.17 | 4.22 | 3.42 | |
2.17 | 4.6 | 5 | 0.68 | 99.31 | 95.79 | 4.23 | 3.52 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.19 | 99.79 | 96.25 | 4.25 | 3.55 | |
1:4 | 2.05 | 4.9 | 0 | 8.50 | 91.47 | 88.56 | 4.26 | 2.92 |
2.17 | 4.7 | 0 | 5.64 | 94.35 | 91.16 | 4.22 | 3.19 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 0 | 2.57 | 97.41 | 93.94 | 4.19 | 3.47 | |
2.05 | 4.9 | 5 | 2.56 | 97.42 | 94.12 | 4.21 | 3.30 | |
2.17 | 4.7 | 5 | 0.05 | 99.93 | 96.29 | 4.20 | 3.65 | |
2.23 | 4.5 | 5 | 0.0 | 99.99 | 96.43 | 4.25 | 3.57 |
图5 不同硝硫与甲苯的摩尔比对甲苯二硝化绝热温升的影响
Fig.5 Effect of the molar ratio of nitric acid to toluene on the adiabatic temperature rise of toluene dinitration reactio
φ/% | N/S | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 1/4 | 2.17 | 4.7 | 0 | 3.72 | 95.88 | 92.55 | 4.16 | 3.33 | |
2.17 | 4.7 | 10 | 0.16 | 99.61 | 96.08 | 4.21 | 3.53 |
表5 甲苯绝热二硝化实验结果
Table 5 Experimental result of toluene adiabatic dinitration reaction φ=14%, Qorg=3.5 ml/min, Qaq=28.5 ml/min, N/S=1/4, feed at room temperature
φ/% | N/S | N/T | τ/min | tstir/min | MNT/% | DNT/% | 2,4-&2,6- DNT/% | 2,4/2,6 | other DNT/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 1/4 | 2.17 | 4.7 | 0 | 3.72 | 95.88 | 92.55 | 4.16 | 3.33 | |
2.17 | 4.7 | 10 | 0.16 | 99.61 | 96.08 | 4.21 | 3.53 |
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