图1 典型的FB用多孔膜示意图（a）[16]；FB用复合膜示意图（b）[16]

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a typical porous membrane in FBs (a)[16]; Schematic diagram of composite membranes in FBs (b)[16]

图2 PA基TFCM示意图及其交联PA骨架和横截面形貌图（a）[29]；复合膜中PBI传导性聚合物与PE基底间的两性离子界面示意图（b）[35]；超薄PFSA离聚物膜示意图（c）[39]

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of PA-based TFCM and its cross-linked PA framework and its cross-section morphology (a)[29]; Schematic illustration of the zwitterionic interface between PBI conductive polymer and PE substrate in the composite membrane (b)[35]; Schematic diagram of the ultrathin PFSA ionomer membrane (c)[39]

图3 SPEEK的化学结构和碱性介质中SPEEK膜内的离子迁移示意图（a）[56]；水系AZIFB和层状多孔陶瓷膜抑制锌枝晶形成的示意图（b）[43]；微孔膜内相互贯通的亚纳米空隙和微孔聚合物的大孔结构示意图以及基于PIMs的TFCM的横截面图（c）[47]

Fig.3 Chemical structure of SPEEK and schematic diagram of ion transport in SPEEK membranes in alkaline media (a)[56]; Schematic diagrams of an aqueous AZIFB and a hierarchical porous ceramic composite membrane for inhibiting zinc dendrite formation (b)[43]; Schematic diagrams of interconnected sub-nanometre-sized cavities in microporous membranes, the macromolecular structures of microporous polymers and the cross-sectional image of a TFCM based on PIMs (c)[47]

图4 黏结剂调控的限制二次生长法示意图（a）[57]；LDH-G及OH-在LDH层间通道定向传输示意图、LDH-G的横截面形貌以及LDH-G组装的AZIFB在260 mA cm-2电流密度下的性能（b）[58]；BNNSs纳米片层对锌沉积的协同效应（热导率和机械强度）示意图（c）[63]

Fig.4 Schematic illustration of the binder-controlled restrained second-growth method (a)[57]; Schematics diagrams of LDH-G, the directional hydroxide ions transport in the interlayer channels of LDHs, the cross-section morphology of LDH-G and the performance of LDH-G in an AZIFB at 260 mA cm-2 (b) [58]; Schematic diagram of the synergistic effect (thermal conductivity and mechanical strength) of BNNSs flake layer on zinc deposition (c)[63]

图5 VFB用由分子筛片层和多孔膜基底组成的复合膜的设计原理（a）[50]；GO选择层示意图和GO/PES复合膜的横截面图（b）[66]

Fig.5 Design principle of a VFB with a porous membrane bearing a zeolite flake layer (a)[50]; Schematic diagram of the GO selective layer and the cross-section image of GO/PES membrane (b)[66]

图6 两步NIPS法示意图（a）；两步NIPS法的成膜机理（b）；所制备膜的横截面形貌（c）；所制备膜在不同电流密度下的VFB性能及其与文献报道值的比较（能量效率>80%）（d）[71]

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of the two-step NIPS method (a); The formation mechanism of membranes prepared by the two-step non-solvent induced phase separation method (b); The cross-section morphology of the as-prepared membrane (c); VFB performances of the as-prepared membrane at different current densities and the performance comparison with the reported papers (Energy efficiency >80%) (d)[71]