发电机定子铜导线腐蚀堵塞机理及控制技术研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250679

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水冷发电机在核电站、火电厂和水电站应用广泛，但其定子空芯铜导线在内冷水中容易发生腐蚀堵塞，进而导致系统运行异常甚至生产安全事故。揭示腐蚀堵塞机理，并基于此发展腐蚀堵塞控制技术具有重要意义。本文介绍了定子内冷水系统的特点和腐蚀堵塞危害，系统总结了铜腐蚀产物“形成-脱落-局部沉积”的腐蚀堵塞形成机理，探讨了用于控制腐蚀堵塞的水化学调控技术，并结合理论和工程实践重新审视了铜导线在不同水化学条件下的腐蚀堵塞倾向，得出微碱性水化学条件能更有效地抑制腐蚀堵塞。最后从机理研究和工程应用两方面进行了展望，提出进一步揭示腐蚀堵塞的动力学过程、以及开发系统状态监测与故障诊断平台，从而更好地为水冷发电机的安全经济运行提供理论依据和技术支撑。

关键词: 铜导线, 腐蚀, 堵塞, 冷却水, 水化学

Abstract:

Water-cooled generators are extensively employed in nuclear, thermal, and hydraulic power plants. However, the hollow copper conductors within generator stators are susceptible to corrosion and plugging in the internal cooling water system, which can lead to abnormal system operation and even safety accidents. Understanding the mechanisms of corrosion and plugging and developing effective control strategies are therefore of critical importance. This review highlights the unique characteristics of stator internal cooling water systems and outlines the risks associated with corrosion and plugging. It systematically summarizes the underlying mechanisms, including the formation, release, and localized deposition of copper corrosion products, and reviews current water chemistry control strategies aimed at mitigating these issues. The review further re-evaluates the corrosion and plugging tendencies of copper conductors under varying water chemistry conditions, integrating both theoretical insights and field practices. The findings indicate that slightly alkaline water chemistry conditions are more effective in suppressing corrosion and minimizing plugging risks. Finally, the review discusses future research directions from both the aspects of mechanism study and engineering application. To better support the safe and economical operation of water-cooled generators, it is recommended to further investigate the kinetics of corrosion and plugging processes and to develop an integrated system status monitoring and fault diagnosis platform.

Key words: copper conductors, corrosion, plugging, cooling water, water chemistry

中图分类号:

TM62

王天平, 贾旭翔, 王宇, 叶春松. 发电机定子铜导线腐蚀堵塞机理及控制技术研究进展[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250679.

Tianping WANG, Xuxiang JIA, Yu WANG, Chunsong YE. Research progress on mechanism and control strategies of corrosion and plugging in generator stator copper conductors[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250679.

图/表 8

图1 发电机定子铜导线腐蚀堵塞及其控制领域的重要节点

Fig. 1 Milestones in the research of corrosion and plugging of generator stator copper conductors

图2 发电机定子内冷水系统示意图：1-冷却水水箱；2-循环水泵；3-冷却器；4-过滤器；5-主路水质监测系统；6-带强电流的发电机定子；7-旁路处理系统；8-旁路水质监测系统

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the internal cooling water system of generator stators: 1 - cooling water tank; 2 - circulating water pump; 3 - cooler; 4 - filter; 5 - water quality monitoring system of mainstream; 6 - generator stator with strong current; 7 - bypass treatment system; 8 - water quality monitoring system of bypass

图3 发电机定子铜导线腐蚀堵塞典型图片：（a）某核电站因腐蚀堵塞整机报废的定子铜线圈[32]；注:(b)定子线圈出水水室局部堵塞铜导线[33];(c)从系统中冲洗出的块状腐蚀产物[26];(d)罗贝尔换位转弯处局部富集的铜腐蚀产物[33];(e)被腐蚀产物堵塞的过滤器[34]

Fig. 3 Typical images of corrosion and plugging in the internal cooling water system of generator stators: (a) scrapped stator copper coil from a nuclear power plant due to corrosion and plugging[32]; (b) partially plugged copper conductor in the outlet water chamber of the stator coil[33]; (c) chunky corrosion products flushed out from the system[26]; (d) copper corrosion products locally enriched at the Roebel transposition bend[33]; (e) filter blocked by corrosion products[34]

图4 发电机空芯铜导线腐蚀机理示意图

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the corrosion mechanism of hollow copper conductors of generator stators

图5 发电机定子内冷水系统腐蚀堵塞机理示意图

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the corrosion and plugging mechanism of internal cooling water system of generator stators

表1 定子内冷水系统不同水化学条件的调控要求［1， 10-13］

Table 1 Requirements of different water chemistry conditions in the stator internal cooling water system［1， 10-13］

水化学条件	pH_25℃值	电导率κ_25℃/(μS/cm)	铜含量/(μg/L)	溶解氧含量/(μg/L)
高氧微碱性	8.0-9.0	≤2.0	≤20	＞2000
低氧中性	~7.0	≤0.2		≤20或30
高氧中性	~7.0	≤0.2		＞2000

图6 不同pH值条件下铜氧化物的溶解度

Fig. 6 Solubility curves of copper oxides under different pH conditions

图7 不同水化学条件下铜导线在Cu-H2O体系电位-pH图中的位置[63]

Fig. 7 Locations of different water chemistry conditions in the potential-pH diagram of the Cu-H2O system[63]

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