干水材料抛撒药剂的性能及应用

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20250871

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

爆炸抛撒干水灭火是一种新型的灭火方式，在不破坏干水材料微观结构的前提下，实现抛撒药剂的高效、均匀扩散，是该领域面临的关键技术挑战之一。本研究使用干水作为灭火剂，以不同质量分数的聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）与Al/KIO₄超声混合作为抛撒药剂，通过扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、能谱分析（EDS）对Al/KIO₄-PVDF微观结构进行表征，采用差示量热仪实验、敞开环境下燃烧实验、PMMA管燃烧实验、密闭爆发器实验、静电感度实验对Al/KIO₄-PVDF热稳定性、燃速、产气性能和感度测试，并抛撒干水灭火实验。结果表明：PVDF包覆于Al外部亦填充于Al、KIO₄间，可调控抛撒药的能量输出，其中Al/KIO₄与PVDF质量比为95：5时性能最佳，其燃速、压力峰值、加压速率较Al/KIO₄分别提高了44.7%、33.7%、32.5%，该抛撒药剂没有破坏结冷胶干水的核壳结构，抛撒结冷胶干水灭火效率高，750 mg抛撒药剂抛撒500 g结冷胶干水仅65 ms可扑灭20 cm油盘中正庚烷火焰。

关键词: 制备, 干水, 化学分析, 安全中图分类号：TQ 569

Abstract:

Explosive dispersion of dry water for fire suppression represents a novel extinguishing method. Achieving efficient and uniform dispersion of the dispersing agent without disrupting the microscopic structure of the dry water material constitutes one of the key technical challenges in this field. This study employs dry water as the extinguishing agent, utilizing ultrasonic mixtures of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with varying mass fractions of Al/KIO₄ as the dispersing agent. The microstructure of Al/KIO₄-PVDF was characterized via SEM, TEM, XRD, and EDS. open-flame combustion tests, PMMA tube combustion tests, sealed detonator tests, and electrostatic sensitivity tests to evaluate the thermal stability, burning rate, gas generation performance, and sensitivity of Al/KIO₄-PVDF. Dry water extinguishing experiments were also conducted. Results indicate that PVDF coating the Al exterior and filling the Al/KIO₄ interface enables controllable energy release. Optimal performance occurs at a 95:5 Al/KIO₄ to PVDF mass ratio, achieving 44.7%, 33.7%, and 32.5% increases in burning rate, peak pressure, and pressure rise rate compared to pure Al/KIO₄. This dispersant did not disrupt the core-shell structure of the dry gel. The dispersal of the dry gel demonstrated high extinguishing efficiency: 750 mg of dispersant dispersed over 500 g of dry gel extinguished a n-heptane flame in a 20 cm oil pan within just 65 ms.

Key words: preparation, dry water, chemical analysis, safety

杨耀勇, 汪泉, 李瑞, 徐建设, 冯鼎玉, 胡彬. 干水材料抛撒药剂的性能及应用[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250871.

Yaoyong YANG, Quan WANG, Rui LI, Jianshe XU, Dingyu FENG, Bing HU. Performance and application of specialized dry water material spraying agents[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20250871.

图/表 13

表1 实验配比

Table 1 Experimental ratios

Al	KIO₄	PVDF
0.46 g	1.54 g	0.00 g（0%）
0.46 g	1.52 g	0.02 g（1%）
0.45 g	1.49 g	0.06 g（3%）
0.44 g	1.46 g	0.10 g（5%）
0.43 g	1.43 g	0.14 g（7%）
0.42 g	1.40 g	0.18 g（9%）

图1 抛撒药制备流程图

Fig.1 Flow chart of spraying agents preparation

图2 干水制备流程图和机理图

Fig.2 Flow chart and mechanism of dry water preparation

图3 抛撒药管及抛撒装置

Fig.3 Spraying agents Tube and Disposal Device

图4 不同抛撒药表征

Fig.4 Different spraying agents characterization

图5 不同抛撒药的热分析曲线

Fig.5 Thermal analysis curves of different spraying agents

图6 不同抛撒药在敞开环境下燃烧实验

Fig.6 Combustion experiment under open environment of different spraying agents

图7 不同抛撒药在PMMA管中燃烧实验

Fig.7 Combustion experiment of different spraying agents in PMMA tube

图8 不同抛撒药在PMMA管中传播的平均速度

Fig.8 Average velocity of propagation of different spraying agents in PMMA tubes

图9 不同抛撒药密闭爆发器实验

Fig. 9 Constant volume combustion experiment with different spraying agents

图10 不同抛撒药的静电感度

Fig.10 Electrostatic susceptibility of different spraying agents

图11 抛撒前后不同干水粒径和形貌变化(a) the morphology of carrageenan dry water (b) the morphology of carrageenan dry water after Al/KIO₄-3%PVDF dispersion (c) the morphology of carrageenan dry water after Al/KIO₄-5%PVDF dispersion (d) the morphology of carrageenan dry water after RDX dispersion(e) changes in dry water particle size before and after dispersal (f) changes in carrageenan dry water particle size before and after dispersal

Fig.11 Changes in different dry water particle size and morphology before and after dispersal

图12 抛撒结冷胶干水灭火实验

Fig.12 Dispersal carrageenan dry water fire extinguishing experiment

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