微波在化工过程中的研究及应用进展

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20181484

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

与传统加热过程比较，微波辅助有机合成的优势在于加快反应速率、提高产率和改变化学选择性。研究者们将这种常规加热无法重现的现象称为非热效应，但关于非热效应的存在性一直争论不休，至今微波促进合成反应的作用机理尚不清楚。总结了微波技术在有机合成和化工分离过程的应用进展，综述了近年来国内外对微波热效应与非热效应的研究进展，阐述了微波效应的实例分析以及理论观点，同时，对微波在工业化过程的发展进行了分析与展望。

关键词: 微波化工应用, 微波热效应, 非热效应, 化学反应, 分离, 合成

Abstract:

Compared with the conventional heating method, microwave-assisted organic syntheses takes the advantages of speeding up the reaction rate, increasing the product yields and changing the selectivity. These phenomena, which cannot be reproduced by conventional heating method, are named microwave nonthermal effects by researchers. But debates about whether nonthermal effects exist or not have continued until now. Up to now, the mechanism of microwave-promoting synthetic reactions is unclear. In this paper, the application progress of microwave technology in organic synthesis and chemical separation process was summarized. The research progress of microwave thermal effect and non-thermal effect in recent years was reviewed. The case analysis and theoretical viewpoint of microwave effect were expounded, and the development of microwave-assisted industrialization was analyzed and prospected.

Key words: microwave chemical application, microwave thermal effects, non-thermal effects, chemical reaction, separation, synthesis

中图分类号:

TQ 025.1

曾昭文, 郑成, 毛桃嫣, 魏渊, 肖润辉, 彭思玉. 微波在化工过程中的研究及应用进展[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(S1): 1-14.

Zhaowen ZENG, Cheng ZHENG, Taoyan MAO, Yuan WEI, Runhui XIAO, Siyu PENG. Progress in research and application of microwave in chemical process[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(S1): 1-14.

图/表 7

图1 微波辅助法制备季铵盐的合成路线

Fig.1 Microwave-assisted synthesis route of quaternary ammonium salts

图2 微波辐射辅助加热麒麟菜回收生物炭和糖

Fig.2 Microwave radiation assisted heating of Eucheuma to recover biochar and sugar

图3 微波辅助氧化、还原、缩合反应的合成路线

Fig.3 Microwave-assisted synthesis route for oxidation, reduction and condensation reaction

图4 nSiO2(a), MW–nSiO2(b), PANF, PANMW-Thio, and PANCV-Thio fibers(c)的SEM图

Fig.4 SEM images of nSiO2(a), MW-nSiO2(b), PANF, PANMW-Thio, and PANCV-Thio fibers(c)

图5 微波辐照下的主要极化机制[95]

Fig.5 Principal polarization mechanisms under microwave irradiation[95]

图6 在微波系统中溶质选择性吸收的模型图解说明(a) [113]；含Pd/AC催化剂的无甲基环己烷反应器的微波加热(MWH)和常规加热(CH)的温度分布(b) [112]

Fig.6 Graphical illustration of model for solute selective absorption in microwave system (a) [113]，temperature distribution for reactor containing Pd/AC catalysts without methylcyclohexane: under microwave heating (MWH) and conventional heating (CH) (b) [112]

图7 微波驱动激发RC分子链内羟基相互作用变化(a)[129];微波辐射对光降解反应的作用示意图(b)[130];DMSO-乙醇混合物中氢键之间的作用示意图(c)[131];微波辐射降解NDMA的过程和Arrhenius图(d)[121]

Fig.7 Interaction change between hydroxyl groups within molecular chain of RC excited by microwave driving(a) [129]; schematic diagram of effect of microwave radiation on photodegradation reaction (b) [130]; schematic diagram of interaction between hydrogen bonds in DMSO-ethanol mixture(c) [131]; process of degrading NDMA by microwave radiation and Arrhenius plot(d) [121]

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