民用飞机空调系统性能仿真与燃油代偿损失研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241411

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

民用飞机空调系统为座舱提供舒适的热环境，是保障乘客健康安全的重要系统。目前民用飞机空调多采用三轮升压式高压除水系统，该系统以发动机引气作为热源、以冲压空气作为冷源，由此引起的燃油代偿损失不可忽略。为了分析民用飞机空调系统的经济性，本文建立了民机空调系统动态仿真模型，并提出了民机空调系统燃油代偿损失分析方法；基于系统动态仿真模型计算系统工作参数，结合发动机性能盘获取燃油比耗，实现系统的燃油代偿损失分析。结果表明，空调系统引气对系统燃油代偿损失影响较大，在巡航高度31000 ft下，空调系统引气产生的燃油代偿损失占系统燃油代偿总量的51.3%；空调系统引气整体优化10%，可使系统燃油代偿损失总量降低5.3%。

关键词: 民用飞机, 空调系统, 动态仿真, 模型, 经济

Abstract:

The air conditioning system in civil aircraft provides a comfortable thermal environment for the cabin, serving as a critical system to ensure the health and safety of passengers. Currently, most civil aircraft utilize a three-stage pressure-boosting high-pressure water removal system, which employs engine bleed air as the heat source and ram air as the cooling source, leading to significant fuel penalty losses. To analyze the economics of civil aircraft air conditioning systems, this paper establishes a dynamic simulation model of aircraft air conditioning system and presents a method for analyzing fuel penalty losses. The operating parameters of the system are calculated based on dynamic models and algorithms for key components such as air cycle machines and heat exchangers, combined with engine performance maps to obtain specific fuel consumption, thereby achieving the performance simulation of the air conditioning system and the analysis of fuel penalty losses. The results show that the bleed air used by the air conditioning system has a substantial impact on the system's fuel penalty losses. At a cruising altitude of 31000 ft, the fuel penalty loss caused by the bleed air accounts for 51.3% of the total fuel penalty loss of the system. An overall optimization of 10% in the air conditioning system's bleed air can reduce the total fuel penalty loss by 5.3%.

Key words: commercial aircraft, air-conditioning system, dynamic simulation, model, economics

中图分类号:

V 245.3

吴成云, 孙浩然. 民用飞机空调系统性能仿真与燃油代偿损失研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(S1): 351-359.

Chengyun WU, Haoran SUN. Performance simulation and fuel penalty investigation of civil aircraft air conditioning systems[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(S1): 351-359.

图/表 13

图1 民机空调系统示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of civil aircraft air conditioning system

图2 燃油代偿损失计算方法

Fig.2 Calculation method of fuel penalty loss

图3 典型民机空调系统流量需求

Fig.3 Typical civil aircraft air conditioning system flow requirement

图4 冲压空气流路示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of ram air flow path

图5 民机空调系统空调组件状态参数求解算法流程图

Fig.5 Flowchart of the algorithm for solving condition parameters of civil aircraft air conditioning system

表1 民机空调系统状态参数求解模型

Table 1 Civil aircraft air conditioning system state parameter solution model

部件

公式

换热器

$M H X C p H X d T w d t = ∑ Q i$

$Q i = k i F i Δ T i - w = m ˙ i Δ h i$

i—hot side, cold side

空气循环机(压缩机、涡轮、风扇)

$m ˙ i = ρ i, i n V ˙ i, m a p N A C M, P i, m a x / P i, m i n$

$W i = m ˙ i Δ h i$

$T i, o u t = T i, i n + T i, i n η i P i, o u t P i, i n κ - 1 κ - 1$

i—fan, comp, turb

表1 民机空调系统状态参数求解模型

Table 1 Civil aircraft air conditioning system state parameter solution model

部件

公式

换热器

$M H X C p H X d T w d t = ∑ Q i$

$Q i = k i F i Δ T i - w = m ˙ i Δ h i$

i—hot side, cold side

空气循环机(压缩机、涡轮、风扇)

$m ˙ i = ρ i, i n V ˙ i, m a p N A C M, P i, m a x / P i, m i n$

$W i = m ˙ i Δ h i$

$T i, o u t = T i, i n + T i, i n η i P i, o u t P i, i n κ - 1 κ - 1$

i—fan, comp, turb

图6 民机空调系统仿真模型精度验证

Fig.6 Accuracy validation of the civil air conditioning system simulation model

图7 民用飞机典型飞行剖面

Fig.7 Civil aircraft typical flight profile

表2 燃油代偿损失分析输入参数

Table 2 Input parameters of the fuel penalty loss analysis

飞机/系统参数	数值
系统固定质量 W_F	453 kg
单位推力燃油消耗 (SFC)_th	0.0662 kg/(N·h)
涡轮级进口气体温度 T_tb	1494 K

图8 巡航高度31000 ft获取的kp

Fig.8 kp obtained at a cruising altitude of 31000 ft

图9 不同巡航高度空调流量及冲压空气量

Fig.9 Air conditioning flow and ram air volume at different cruising altitudes

图10 系统燃油代偿损失分析

Fig.10 Analysis of system fuel penalty loss

图11 系统运行参数敏感性分析

Fig.11 Sensitivity analysis of system operating parameters

参考文献 14

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