光热-跨临界压缩二氧化碳储能循环动态特性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231153

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了改善新能源发电波动对电网的影响，提出了一种光热-跨临界压缩二氧化碳储能（transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage，TC-CCES）循环集成热力系统，采用模块化机理建模方法，基于能质平衡关系分别建立TC-CCES系统与光热系统的动态数学模型，获取TC-CCES系统在储释能阶段关键参数的动态响应曲线。研究结果表明，系统的储能密度达到28.43 kW/m³，储能效率与循环效率分别为58.01%和60.85%，动态数学模型的最大误差均小于5%。此外，太阳直射辐射变化促使系统热源温度变化，而系统负荷对热源温度变化非常敏感，热源温度升高2.29%，换热器负荷升高3.36%，而且在某地区四季典型日冬季比秋季机组负荷低了23.9%。提出的动态数学模型可用于分析太阳能发电的动态特性，可为控制系统的设计提供理论参考。

关键词: 光热, T-CO₂储能循环, 模型, 动态特性, 建模仿真

Abstract:

In order to improve the impact of fluctuations in new energy generation on the power grid, this paper proposes an integrated thermal system called the photothermal coupled transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage (TC-CCES) cycle. The dynamic mathematical models of TC-CCES system and photothermal system were established based on the energy and mass balance relationship, and the dynamic response curves of key parameters of TC-CCES system in energy storage and release stage were obtained. The research results show that the energy storage density of the system reaches 28.43 kW/m³, the energy storage efficiency and cycle efficiency are 58.01% and 60.85% respectively, and the maximum error of the dynamic mathematical model is less than 5%. In addition, changes in direct solar radiation cause the system heat source temperature to change, and the system load is very sensitive to changes in heat source temperature. The heat source temperature increases by 2.29%, and the heat exchanger load increases by 3.36%. In a typical day of four seasons in a certain area, the unit load in winter is 23.9% lower than that in autumn. The dynamic mathematical model presented in this paper can be used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of solar power generation, and lays a theoretical foundation for the design of the control system.

Key words: photothermal, T-CO₂ energy storage cycle, model, dynamic characteristic, modeling and simulation

中图分类号:

TK 227

王迪, 陈伟倩, 孙灵芳, 周云龙. 光热-跨临界压缩二氧化碳储能循环动态特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(5): 2047-2059.

Di WANG, Weiqian CHEN, Lingfang SUN, Yunlong ZHOU. Research of dynamic characteristics of photothermal coupled transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage cycle[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 2047-2059.

图/表 25

图1 系统结构图

Fig.1 System structure drawing

图2 光热耦合TC-CCES循环系统的T-s图

Fig.2 T-s diagram of photothermal coupled TC-CCES cycle system

图3 压缩机性能

Fig.3 Compressor performance

图4 径向透平理想效率与速比的关系

Fig.4 Efficiency of an ideal radial turbine as a function of velocity ratio

图5 泵的性能

Fig.5 Pump performance

表1 接收器系统参数

Table 1 Receiver system parameter

参数	数值
辐射峰值/（kW/m²）	800
平均辐射值/（kW/m²）	430
接收板数/块	24
每块接收板上的吸热管数/根	32
吸热管管道直径/cm	2.1
吸热管管壁厚度/mm	1.2
接收器高度/m	6.2
接收器直径/m	5.1
接收器离地面高度/m	76.2

表2 TC-CCES模型静态验证

Table 2 Steady-state verification of TC-CCES model

参数	仿真值	文献^[32]	相对误差
压缩机出口温度/℃	327.10	324	0.96%
压缩机出口压力/kPa	13827.90	13840	0.09%
透平出口温度/℃	740.20	750	1.31%
透平出口压力/kPa	7890.20	7890	0.003%
换热器冷端出口温度/℃	808.80	810	0.15%
换热器冷端出口压力/kPa	13498.40	13500	0.01%
预冷器热端出口温度/℃	305.10	305	0.03%
预冷器热端出口压力/kPa	7684	7690	0.08%

图6 换热设备出口温度动态验证

Fig.6 Dynamic verification of outlet temperature of heat exchange equipment

表3 光热模型静态验证

Table 3 Steady-state verification of photothermal model

参数	仿真值	文献^[34]	相对误差
熔盐入口温度/℃	302	302	—
熔盐流量/（kg/s）	70.90	70.90	—
DNI/（W/m²）	897.50	897.50	—
风速/（m/s）	1.2	1.2	—
定日镜场镜面总面积/m²	82980	82980	—
熔盐出口温度/℃	561.42	561.90	0.09%

图7 太阳辐射能阶跃扰动对太阳能接收器出口的影响

Fig.7 Variation in solar radiation energy step perturbation on solar receiver outlet

图8 流量阶跃扰动对太阳能接收器出口的影响

Fig.8 Effect of flow step perturbation on solar receiver outlet

表4 系统设计参数

Table 4 System design parameter

参数	数值
环境温度T_a/K	298.15
压缩机入口温度/K	304.1
透平入口温度/K	469.0
压缩机入口压力/MPa	7.39
压缩机出口压力/MPa	38.43
压缩机等熵效率/%	89
透平等熵效率/%	88
压缩机转子直径/mm	99
透平转子直径/mm	80
压缩机、透平转速/（r/min）	60000
压缩机耗功/MW	4.37
透平做功/MW	2.85
预冷器换热面积/m²	1833
加热器换热面积/m²	131.8
储能压力/MPa	38.43

表5 系统性能指标计算结果

Table 5 Calculation result of system performance indicators

参数	数值
储能效率/%	58.01
循环效率/%	60.85
储能密度/（kW/m³）	28.43

图9 单日太阳直接辐射量

Fig.9 Direct normal irradiance in single day

图10 接收器-换热器出口参数变化曲线

Fig.10 Receiver-heat exchanger outlet parameter change curve

图11 不同工况下DNI特性曲线

Fig.11 DNI characteristic curves under different working conditions

图12 不同工况下DNI变化

Fig.12 DNI changes under different working conditions

图13 不同工况下接收器-换热器出口参数变化曲线

Fig.13 Change curve of outlet parameters of receiver and heat exchanger under different working conditions

图14 DNI四季变化曲线

Fig.14 DNI variation curve in four seasons

图15 换热器负荷变化曲线

Fig.15 Heat exchanger load change curve

图16 不同DNI透平出口参数变化曲线

Fig.16 Variation curves of turbine outlet parameters of different DNI

表6 不同工况下（四季）系统性能指标

Table 6 System performance index under different working conditions （four seasons）

季节	储能效率/%	储能密度/（kW/m³）
春季	39.51	19.06
夏季	39.83	19.19
秋季	41.56	20.02
冬季	34.75	16.93

图17 系统循环效率变化曲线

Fig.17 Variation curves of system cycle efficiency

图18 压缩机出口参数响应曲线

Fig.18 Response curve of compressor outlet parameters

图19 透平出口参数响应曲线

Fig.19 Response curve of turbine outlet parameters

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