微通道型气泡泵驱动两相流传热特性

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240381

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于沸腾现象的浸没式液冷技术适用于芯片（服务器、数据中心等）以及电机冷却等，可实现冷却系统的模块化、集成化和小型化，具有广阔的应用前景。在浸没式液冷系统的开发中，通常希望在不影响系统性能的前提下，尽量减少冷却工质的充填量。本论文提出气泡泵技术，降低冷却系统中液体工质重填量，同时利用沸腾气泡驱动的气液两相上升流作为动力，驱动工质循环冷却整个系统。选取Novec-7100为工质，建立可视化实验系统针对气泡泵驱动的气液两相流动特性、气液输运性能、以及传热性能开展开研究。结果表明，所构建的3 mm × 3 mm微通道型气泡泵冷却系统，在120 mm的冷却液浸没高度下实现了本论文所选取参数范围内的最佳性能，可在0.89~9.98 W/m²的热通量范围内实现两相流循环输运。

关键词: 沸腾, 浸没式冷却, 微通道, 气泡泵, 气液两相流, 传热

Abstract:

The immersion cooling technology based on the boiling phenomenon is applicable for the cooling of servers, data centers, motors, etc., which helps to realize the modularization, integration, and miniaturization of the system. In the development of an immersion cooling system, it is usually hoped to minimize the volume of working fluid without affecting the performance of the system. Therefore, this study proposed a bubble pump technology to reduce the filling volume of the working fluid by circulating it in the cooling system, utilizing the two-phase rising flow induced by boiling bubbles as the driving force. In this study, novec 7100 was selected as the working fluid and an experimental system with the ability to visualize the bubble behaviors was established, and the characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase flow, the performance of vapor/liquid transportation, and the performance of heat transfer were examined. As a result, it was found that the best performance of the bubble pump can be achieved for the microchannel with the cross-section of 3 mm × 3 mm, within the range of conditions adopted in this study. This type of bubble pump can normally operate for the heat flux in the range of 0.89 ~ 9.98 W/m² when 120 mm of the channel is immersed in the working fluid.

Key words: boiling, immersion cooling, microchannel, bubble pump, vapor-liquid flow, heat transfer

中图分类号:

TK11⁺4

田镇岭, 陈志豪, 宇高义郎. 微通道型气泡泵驱动两相流传热特性[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240381.

Zhenling TIAN, Zhihao CHEN, Yoshio UTAKA. Study on two-phase flow heat transfer characteristics driven by microchannel bubble pump[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240381.

图/表 19

图1 实验系统

Fig. 1 Experimental system

图2 气泡泵流路

Fig. 2 Bubble pump flow path

表1 气泡泵尺寸

Table 1 Bubble pump size

截面尺寸mm×mm	长度 mm	通道数
1 × 1	240	10
2 × 2		6
3 × 3		5

表 2 实验不确定度

Table 2 Experimental uncertainties

参数	范围	最大相对不确定度	参数	范围	最大相对不确定度
流路面积A	5250 ± 13.6 mm²	0.3%	进口流量V_i	0 ~ 3.0 mL/s	6.4%
电流I	0.24 ~ 2.80 A	4.2%	液体蒸发量V_eva	0 ~ 3.0 mL	5.3%
电压U	30 ~ 200 V	3.3%	壁面过热度ΔT	1.5 ~ 20.0 ℃	6.7%
流量测定时间t	1.00 ~ 40.00 s	1.0%	热通量q	0 ~ 9.98 W/cm²	5.3%
流量测定体积V	3.0 ± 0.1 mL	3.3%	传热系数α	0 ~ 8 kW/（cm²·K）	8.5%
出口流量V_e	0 ~ 2.0 mL/s	3.5%	泵送高度h	0 ~ 180 mm	2.8%

图3 壁面温度分布情况(截面尺寸3 mm × 3 mm，L=80 mm)

Fig. 3 Distribution of the wall temperature(section size 3 mm×3 mm, L=80 mm)

图4 气泡泵出口段（210 mm~240 mm）气液两相流动情况

Fig. 4 The gas-liquid two-phase flow in the outlet section of the bubble pump (210 mm~240 mm)

图5 2.66 W/cm2热通量下出口段不连续弹状流随时间变化情况

Fig. 5 Change of discontinuous slug flow at the outlet section with time at 2.66 W /cm2

图6 气泡泵充填冷却液液面处（80 mm）气液两相流动情况

Fig. 6 The gas-liquid two-phase flow at the coolant level (80 mm) filled of the bubble pump

图7 气泡泵入口段（0~30 mm）气液两相流动情况

Fig. 7 The gas-liquid two-phase flow in the inlet section of the bubble pump (0~30 mm)

图8 截面尺寸3 mm×3 mm气泡泵气液输运特性

Fig. 8 Gas-liquid transport characteristics of bubble pump with section size 3 mm×3 mm

图9 截面尺寸2 mm×2 mm气泡泵气液输运特性

Fig. 9 Gas-liquid transport characteristics of bubble pump with section size 2 mm×2 mm

图10 截面尺寸1 mm×1 mm气泡泵气液输运特性

Fig. 10 Gas-liquid transport characteristics of bubble pump with section size 1 mm×1 mm

图11 热通量随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸3 mm×3 mm)

Fig. 11 The change of heat flux with wall superheat (section size 3 mm×3 mm)

图12 传热系数随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸3 mm×3 mm)

Fig. 12 The change of heat transfer coefficient with wall superheat (section size 3 mm×3 mm)

图13 热通量随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸2 mm×2 mm)

Fig. 13 The change of heat flux with wall superheat (section size 2 mm×2 mm)

图14 传热系数随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸2 mm×2 mm)

Fig. 14 The change of heat transfer coefficient with wall superheat (section size 2 mm×2 mm)

图15 热通量随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸1 mm×1 mm)

Fig. 15 The change of heat flux with wall superheat (section size 1 mm×1 mm)

图16 传热系数随壁面过热度变化情况 (截面尺寸1 mm×1 mm)

Fig. 16 The change of heat transfer coefficient with wall superheat (section size 1 mm×1 mm)

图17 气泡泵可工作热通量范围

Fig. 17 Heat flux range within which the bubble pump can operate

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