Effect of surfactants on fire extinguishing efficiency of salted double fluid fine water mist

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240350

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of different types of surfactants on the fire extinguishing efficiency of two-fluid water mist containing salt additives, In this experiment, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS),cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB35) and alkyl glucoside (APG0810) were selected to study the effects of surfactants on the fire extinguishing efficiency of salt-containing two-fluid water mist from three aspects: fire extinguishing time, cooling effect and CO concentration peak. The results show that in the air environment, the three surfactants can effectively shorten the fire extinguishing time of water mist containing salt additives, thereby reducing the peak CO concentration in the fire extinguishing process. Among them, 4%APG0810 has the best fire extinguishing effect on the modified two-fluid water mist containing 5%K₂CO₃, and the fire extinguishing time is 29% shorter than that containing 5%K₂CO₃ two-fluid water mist. Compared with air/water mist, the fire extinguishing time is reduced by 55%, but at the same time, due to the decrease of the particle size of the surfactant, it is easy to be affected by turbulence, resulting in the cooling effect of the water mist containing salt additives. In the CO₂ environment, due to the small specific heat capacity of CO₂, the surfactants have the experimental phenomenon of slightly shortening the fire extinguishing time and extending the fire extinguishing time after modifying the fine water mist containing a single salt additive. And compared with salt-containing additive water mist, the peak CO concentration in the fire extinguishing process also increased, and the cooling effect also decreased. The research results will provide reference for prevention and control of alcohol-based fuel fires.

Key words: double flow fine water mist, carbon dioxide, surfactants, ethanol fire, safety

摘要：

为探究不同类型表面活性剂对含盐双流体细水雾灭火效能的影响，选用十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱（CAB35）、烷基糖苷（APG0810），从灭火时间、冷却效果、CO浓度峰值三方面开展表面活性剂对含盐双流体细水雾灭火效能影响研究。结果显示：在空气环境下，3种表面活性剂可以有效缩短含盐类添加剂细水雾灭火时间，从而降低其灭火过程中的CO浓度峰值，但同时由于其液滴粒径减小，容易受到湍流影响，导致其冷却效果相比含单一盐类添加剂细水雾有所降低。在CO₂环境下，由于CO₂比定压热容较小，表面活性剂在对含单一盐类添加剂细水雾改性后分别存在灭火时间微幅缩短和灭火时间延长的实验现象，并且相比含单一盐类添加剂细水雾，其灭火过程中的CO浓度峰值有所增大，冷却效果也有所降低。研究结果将为防治醇基燃料火灾提供参考。

关键词: 双流体细水雾, 二氧化碳, 表面活性剂, 乙醇火, 安全

CLC Number:

X 932

Bei PEI, Zhibin HAO, Tianxiang XU, Ziqi ZHONG, Rui LI, Chong JIA, Yulong DUAN. Effect of surfactants on fire extinguishing efficiency of salted double fluid fine water mist[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3369-3378.

裴蓓, 郝治斌, 徐天祥, 钟子琪, 李瑞, 贾冲, 段玉龙. 表面活性剂对含盐双流体细水雾灭火效能的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(9): 3369-3378.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Dual fluid fine water mist fire extinguishing experimental platform

Table 1 Dual fluid nozzle parameters

气体压力/MPa	气体消耗量/(L/min)	喷雾量/(L/h)
0.3	38	7.0

Table 2 Fire extinguishing time of double flow fine water mist with single additive

添加剂	灭火时间/s
添加剂	空气（air）	二氧化碳（CO₂）
纯水	5.54	4.53
5%K₂CO₃	3.51	2.98
2%NH₄Cl	4.69	5.16
1%FeCl₂	5.05	4.34
4%SDBS	4.00	4.21
4%CAB35	4.08	4.71
4%APG0810	4.52	灭火失败

Table 3 Average specific heat capacity of gas at constant pressure

温度/℃	c_p /(kJ/(kg·K)）
温度/℃	空气（air）	二氧化碳（CO₂）
0	1.004	0.815
100	1.006	0.866
200	1.012	0.910
300	1.019	0.949
400	1.028	0.983
500	1.039	1.013
600	1.050	1.040
700	1.061	1.064

Fig.2 Temperature curve of double flow fine water mist fire extinguishing with salt additives

Fig.3 Temperature curve of dual fluid fine water mist fire extinguishing with surfactants

Fig.4 Peak CO concentration during extinguishing process of dual flow fine water mist with single additive

Fig. 5 fire extinguishing time of double flow fine water mist with modified salt additives

Fig.6 Temperature curve of dual flow fine water mist fire extinguishing with modified salt additives

Fig.7 CO concentration peak of two fluid water mist containing modified salt additives

References 30

1	莫志朋, 晁伟, 佟淑环, 等. 工业尾气生物发酵制乙醇技术及其应用进展[J]. 化学与生物工程, 2024, 41(1): 8-12, 20.
	Mo Z P, Chao W, Tong S H, et al. Ethanol production technology through biofermentation of industrial exhaust gas and its application progress[J]. Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2024, 41(1): 8-12, 20.
2	郭孝孝, 罗虎, 邓立康. 全球燃料乙醇行业进展[J]. 当代化工, 2016, 45(9): 2244-2248.
	Guo X X, Luo H, Deng L K. Progress of global fuel ethanol industry[J]. Contemporary Chemical Industry, 2016, 45(9): 2244-2248.
3	毛开云, 范月蕾, 王跃, 等. 国内外燃料乙醇产业现状+深度解析[J]. 高科技与产业化, 2018(6): 6-13.
	Mao K Y, Fan Y L, Wang Y, et al. Present situation and in-depth analysis of fuel ethanol industry at home and abroad[J]. High-Technology & Commercialization, 2018(6): 6-13.
4	侯家萍, 王闻, 张蕾欣, 等. 现代生物质能源技术体系及其产业化应用态势[J]. 现代化工, 2022, 42(5): 7-13.
	Hou J P, Wang W, Zhang L X, et al. Modern biomass energy technology system and its industrial application trend[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2022, 42(5): 7-13.
5	陈家强. 车用乙醇汽油及其火灾的防范与扑救[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2005, 24(4): 403-407.
	Chen J Q. Vehicle ethanol gas and its fire prevention and suppression[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2005, 24(4): 403-407.
6	陆强, 廖光煊, 秦俊, 等. 细水雾灭油池火时各种影响因素的相对重要度分析[J]. 火灾科学, 2002, 11(3): 164-169, 122.
	Lu Q, Liao G X, Qin J, et al. Analysis of relative significance of several influential factor for fire suppression by water mist[J]. Fire Safety Science, 2002, 11(3): 164-169, 122.
7	郄旭, 彭义江. 细水雾灭火技术的应用与发展[J]. 中国应急救援, 2022(4): 18-20, 25.
	Qie X, Peng Y J. Application and development of water mist fire extinguishing technology[J]. China Emergency Rescue, 2022(4): 18-20, 25.
8	郭东亮, 郭鹏宇, 孙磊, 等. 细水雾对磷酸铁锂储能电池模组性能影响研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2022, 41(8): 1093-1097.
	Guo D L, Guo P Y, Sun L, et al. Research on the influence of water mist on the performance of lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery modules[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2022, 41(8): 1093-1097.
9	刘江虹, 廖光煊, 厉培德, 等. 细水雾灭火技术研究与进展[J]. 科学通报, 2003, 48(8): 761-767.
	Liu J H, Liao G X, Li P D, et al. Research and progress of water mist fire extinguishing technology[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(8): 761-767.
10	Bu R W, Yang H Y, Xie Y, et al. Application of the high-pressure water mist system in a railway tunnel rescue station[J]. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2022, 35: 101467.
11	Chelliah H K. Flame inhibition/suppression by water mist: droplet size/surface area, flame structure, and flow residence time effects[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(2): 2711-2719.
12	余明高, 段玉龙, 徐俊, 等. 细水雾灭火添加剂的选择与实验研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2007, 26(2): 189-192.
	Yu M G, Duan Y L, Xu J, et al. Research and discuss on additives of spray mist[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2007, 26(2): 189-192.
13	于水军, 余明高, 郑立刚, 等. 灭火添加剂对细水雾粒径分布规律的影响[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2008, 37(4): 503-508.
	Yu S J, Yu M G, Zheng L G, et al. Effect of fire suppression additives on the droplet-diameter distribution of water mist[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2008, 37(4): 503-508.
14	廖光煊, 丛北华, 况凯骞. 铁基添加剂增强细水雾灭火性能的实验研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2005, 26(S1): 273-276.
	Liao G X, Cong B H, Kuang K Q. Experimental study on iron-based additives to enhance the fire extinguishing performance of water mist[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2005, 26(S1): 273-276.
15	况凯骞, 从北华, 廖光煊. 含氯化亚铁添加剂细水雾灭火有效性的实验研究[J]. 火灾科学, 2005, 14(1): 21-28.
	Kuang K Q, Cong B H, Liao G X. Experimental study on the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist with ferrous chloride additives[J]. Fire Safety Science, 2005, 14(1): 21-28.
16	Joseph P, Nichols E, Novozhilov V. A comparative study of the effects of chemical additives on the suppression efficiency of water mist[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2013, 58: 221-225.
17	Zhang T W, Liu H, Han Z Y, et al. Active substances study in fire extinguishing by water mist with potassium salt additives based on thermoanalysis and thermodynamics[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 122: 429-438.
18	徐越群, 王丽洁, 吴晋湘. 含NH₄Cl添加剂细水雾对油池火灭火效果的研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2021, 40(8): 1195-1198.
	Xu Y Q, Wang L J, Wu J X. Study on extinguishing effect of water mist containing NH₄Cl additive on pool fire[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2021, 40(8): 1195-1198.
19	彭伟, 柯陈, 俞晨, 等. 含添加剂高压细水雾抑灭乙醇池火性能研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2022, 41(8): 1088-1093.
	Peng W, Ke C, Yu C, et al. Inhibitory effect of high pressure water mist containing additive on ethanol tank fire[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2022, 41(8): 1088-1093.
20	Lv D, Tan W, Zhu G R, et al. Gasoline fire extinguishing by 0.7 MPa water mist with multicomponent additives driven by CO₂ [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2019, 129: 168-175.
21	Lu J Z, Liang P, Chen B H, et al. Investigation of the fire-extinguishing performance of water mist with various additives on typical pool fires[J]. Combustion Science and Technology, 2020, 192(4): 592-609.
22	罗振敏, 孟子骐, 王涛, 等. 基于量化模型的含磷盐细水雾-惰性气体熄灭油池火试验研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2023, 42(6): 785-790.
	Luo Z M, Meng Z Q, Wang T, et al. Experimental study on the extinguishing of oil pooltype flames by fine water mist-inert gas containing phosphorus salts based on a quantitative model[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2023, 42(6): 785-790.
23	罗振敏, 王欣, 王涛, 等. 细水雾-惰性气体协同灭火性能试验研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2022, 32(10): 63-68.
	Luo Z M, Wang X, Wang T, et al. Experimental study on synergetic fire extinguishing performance of water mist and inert gas[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2022, 32(10): 63-68.
24	Pei B, Zhu Z Y, Yang S J, et al. Evaluation of the suppression effect on the flame intensification of ethanol fire by N₂ twin-fluid water mist containing KQ compound additive[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2021, 149: 289-298.
25	余明高, 朱新娜, 裴蓓, 等. 二氧化碳-超细水雾抑制甲烷爆炸实验研究[J]. 煤炭学报, 2015, 40(12): 2843-2848.
	Yu M G, Zhu X N, Pei B, et al. Experimental study on methane explosion suppression using carbon dioxide and ultra-fine water mist[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2015, 40(12): 2843-2848.
26	Wang F, Liu H W. Comparative experiment study on fire prevention and extinguishing in goaf by N₂-water mist and CO₂-water mist[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2020, 13(17): 856.
27	吴晋湘, 祖佳红, 徐越群, 等. 含添加剂细水雾灭油池火的实验研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2018, 37(10): 1372-1377.
	Wu J X, Zu J H, Xu Y Q, et al. Experiment on water mist with additives extinguishing oil pool fire[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2018, 37(10): 1372-1377.
28	张家荣. 工程常用物质的热物理性质手册[M]. 北京: 新时代出版社, 1987.
	Zhang J R. Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Commonly Used Substances in Engineering [M]. Beijing: New Era Press, 1987.
29	孙智灏, 蒋军成, 展望, 等. 添加剂对细水雾灭火增强作用及机理分析[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2014, 43(5): 794-799.
	Sun Z H, Jiang J C, Zhan W, et al. Influence of additives on the fire suppression performance of water mist[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2014, 43(5): 794-799.
30	Chow W K, Jiang Z, Li S F, et al. Improving fire suppression of water mist by chemical additives[J]. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2007, 46(1): 51-60.

[1]	Xinyue LU, Ruiying CHEN, Xiaxue JIANG, Hairui LIANG, Ge GAO, Zhengfang YE. Comparative study on liquid air energy storage system and liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system coupled with liquefied natural gas cold energy [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(9): 3297-3309.
[2]	Gang ZENG, Lin CHEN, Dong YANG, Haizhuan YUAN, Yanping HUANG. Visualization of local boundary thermal flow field of supercritical CO₂ inside a rectangular channel [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(8): 2831-2839.
[3]	Mingjun YANG, Wei SONG, Lei ZHANG, Zheng LING, Bingbing CHEN, Yongchen SONG. Research on the enhanced method of CO₂-seawater hydrate generation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(8): 2939-2948.
[4]	Guangyu ZHANG, Ranfei FU, Bing SUN, Juncong YUAN, Xiang FENG, Chaohe YANG, Wei XU. Synthesis of propylene carbonate from CO₂ and propylene oxide: hydrogen bond activation strategy [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2243-2251.
[5]	Zongwei HUO, Yabin NIU, Yanqiu PAN. Behavior of high viscosity oil droplets in oil-water membrane separation and its influencing factors [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2262-2273.
[6]	Chenggong CHANG, Haonan SONG, Feixia LEI, Zichen DI, Fangqin CHENG. Study on the carbon reduction potential of blast furnace injection process using reformed coke oven gas [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2344-2352.
[7]	Jianwen ZHANG, Tingsheng ZHAO, Pingyu WAN, Qianlin WANG, Zhan DOU, Bo XU. Discussion on integrated security control in process industry [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2375-2384.
[8]	Bin SU, Haowei DONG, Zhenmin LUO, Jun DENG, Tao WANG, Fangming CHENG. Research progress on explosion dynamic characteristics and mechanism of hybrid mixtures [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2109-2122.
[9]	Ziyang LI, Nan ZHENG, Jiabin FANG, Jinjia WEI. Performance analysis and multi-objective optimization of recompression S-CO₂ Brayton cycle [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(6): 2143-2156.
[10]	Rui CHANG, Ruirui XING, Xuehai YAN. Green and biorecyclable materials based on peptide noncovalent chemistry [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1317-1332.
[11]	Zhouyang SHEN, Kang XUE, Qing LIU, Chengxiang SHI, Jijun ZOU, Xiangwen ZHANG, Lun PAN. Research progress on endothermic nanofluid fuels [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1167-1182.
[12]	Jiaqi WANG, Haoqi WEI, Ajing GOU, Jiaxing LIU, Xinlin ZHOU, Kun GE. Study on the formation mechanism of CO₂ hydrate under the action of nanoparticles [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 956-966.
[13]	Zhi ZHU, Hengjie XU, Wei CHEN, Wenyuan MAO, Qiangguo DENG, Xuejian SUN. Study on critical chocked characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide spiral groove dry gas seal under thermal-fluid coupling lubrication [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(2): 604-615.
[14]	Rui SUN, Hua TIAN, Zirui WU, Xiaocun SUN, Gequn SHU. Study on the critical properties calculation models of CO₂-based binary mixture working fluid [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(2): 439-449.
[15]	Zexin ZHANG, Weizhong ZHENG, Yisheng XU, Dongdong HU, Xinyu ZHUO, Yuan ZONG, Weizhen SUN, Ling ZHAO. Research progress of wafer cleaning and selective etching in supercritical carbon dioxide media [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 110-119.