Research progress on the application of low-temperature plasma in biomass gasification to produce hydrogen

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241449

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers for future energy. Biomass gasification for hydrogen production can realize the resource utilization of waste biomass and reduce environmental pollution, and is considered to be a technology with development potential and prospects. To solve the problems of low hydrogen yield, large tar yield, and unstable reaction in conventional biomass gasification hydrogen production technology, high-energy electrons and active substances (·OH,·O,·CH, etc) generated by low-temperature plasma high-voltage discharge can enhance the efficient conversion of biomass tar by-products. The co-catalyst regeneration can further delay the rapid deactivation of the catalyst, and at the same time greatly improve the hydrogen yield. From the perspective of overcoming the bottleneck of traditional biomass gasification hydrogen production technology, this article summarizes the types and applications of low-temperature plasma reactors, the optimization of reaction conditions, the synergistic effect of catalysts and the reaction pathway. The advantage of low-temperature plasma biomass gasification hydrogen production technology lies in the realization of biomass conversion at lower temperatures (<550℃) to improve the conversion rate and selectivity of reactants and gases; further research and improvement are needed in terms of improving the gasification efficiency and reducing costs to promote the application of low-temperature plasma in biomass gasification hydrogen production industry.

Key words: non-thermal plasma, biomass, tar, catalysis, hydrogen production

摘要：

氢气是未来能源中最有前途的能源载体之一。生物质气化制氢可实现废弃生物质资源化利用，减少环境污染，被认为是一种具有发展潜力和前景的技术。针对常规生物质气化制氢技术存在的氢气产率低、焦油产量大、反应不稳定等难题，低温等离子体高压放电产生高能电子和活性物质（·OH，·O，·CH等）可强化生物质焦油副产物的高效转化，协同催化剂重整可进一步延缓催化剂快速失活，同时大幅提高氢气产率。从克服传统生物质气化制氢技术瓶颈角度出发，梳理总结了低温等离子体反应器类型与应用、反应条件的优化、催化剂协同作用及反应路径等方面。低温等离子体生物质气化制氢技术的优势在于在较低温度下（<550℃）可实现生物质转化，提升反应物转化率及氢气选择性；在提高气化效率、降低成本等方面需要进一步研究和改进，推动低温等离子体在生物质气化制氢工业中的应用。

关键词: 低温等离子体, 生物质, 焦油, 催化, 氢气

CLC Number:

TQ 116.2

Haiyan JI, Jiayin LIU, Haijun WU, Jinglin HE, Ziheng JIN, Dianhang WEI, Xia JIANG. Research progress on the application of low-temperature plasma in biomass gasification to produce hydrogen[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(6): 2419-2433.

姬海燕, 刘家印, 吴海军, 何璟琳, 靳紫恒, 魏钿航, 江霞. 低温等离子体在生物质气化制氢中的应用研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(6): 2419-2433.

Figures/Tables 10

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反应类型	化学反应式	序号
氧化反应	C+O₂CO₂	（1）
	2C+O₂2CO	（2）
	2CO+O₂2CO₂	（3）
	2H₂+O₂2H₂O	（4）
	CH₄+2O₂CO₂+2H₂O₂	（5）
还原反应	C+CO₂2CO	（6）
	H₂O+CCO+H₂	（7）
	2H₂O+CCO₂+2H₂	（8）
	H₂O+COCO₂+H₂	（9）
	3H₂+COCH₄+H₂O	（10）
Boudouard反应	2COC+CO₂	（11）
焦油分解	C _x H _y (tar) y/2H₂+xC	（12）
焦油水汽催化重整	C _x H _y (tar)+xCO₂xCO+y/2H₂	（13）
	C _x H _y (tar)+xH₂OxCO+(x+y/2)H₂	（14）
	C _x H _y (tar)+2xH₂OxCO₂+(x+y/2)H₂	（15）
水蒸气重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x-z)H₂OxCO+(x+y/2-z)H₂	（16）
CO₂重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x-z)CO₂ (2x-z)CO+y/2H₂	（17）
部分氧化重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x/2-z/2)O₂xCO+y/2H₂	（18）

反应类型	化学反应式	序号
氧化反应	C+O₂CO₂	（1）
	2C+O₂2CO	（2）
	2CO+O₂2CO₂	（3）
	2H₂+O₂2H₂O	（4）
	CH₄+2O₂CO₂+2H₂O₂	（5）
还原反应	C+CO₂2CO	（6）
	H₂O+CCO+H₂	（7）
	2H₂O+CCO₂+2H₂	（8）
	H₂O+COCO₂+H₂	（9）
	3H₂+COCH₄+H₂O	（10）
Boudouard反应	2COC+CO₂	（11）
焦油分解	C _x H _y (tar) y/2H₂+xC	（12）
焦油水汽催化重整	C _x H _y (tar)+xCO₂xCO+y/2H₂	（13）
	C _x H _y (tar)+xH₂OxCO+(x+y/2)H₂	（14）
	C _x H _y (tar)+2xH₂OxCO₂+(x+y/2)H₂	（15）
水蒸气重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x-z)H₂OxCO+(x+y/2-z)H₂	（16）
CO₂重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x-z)CO₂ (2x-z)CO+y/2H₂	（17）
部分氧化重整	C _x H _y O _z +(x/2-z/2)O₂xCO+y/2H₂	（18）

原料	处理工艺	重整温度/℃	催化剂/助剂	产气量/(mmol/g)		合成气/%（体积）		文献
原料	处理工艺	重整温度/℃	催化剂/助剂	Syngas	H₂	H₂	CO	文献
木材/城市生活垃圾	MSW等离子体气化	2227~2527	甘油	63.00	29.10	29.1~45.2	21~26.3	[61-62]
不同藻类	MSW等离子体气化	2227~2527	—	—	25.3	—	—	[57]
纤维素	热解-DBD	550，250	Ni-Co/Al₂O₃	54.65	26.60	55.71	42.85	[24]
化石燃料	DBD催化	400	Fe₂O₃/ LaSrFeO₃	—	—	9.42	—	[63]
CH₄	DBD催化	400	Fe₂O₃	—	10.00	68.00	8.00	[26]
			SrFeO_3-_δ	—	5.00	37.00	6.00
			NiO/Fe₂O₃	—	54.00	84.00	16.00
			NiO/SrFeO_3-_δ	—	28.00	53.00	10.00
甲苯	DBD催化	约200	NiFe/(Mg, Al)O _x	—	—	—	—	[27]
甲苯	DBD催化	600~800	Mn-MOF-74	—	—	—	—	[28]
甲苯	DBD催化	600~800	CeO₂/13X	—	—	—	—	[65-66]

原料	处理工艺	重整温度/℃	催化剂/助剂	产气量/(mmol/g)		合成气/%（体积）		文献
原料	处理工艺	重整温度/℃	催化剂/助剂	Syngas	H₂	H₂	CO	文献
木材/城市生活垃圾	MSW等离子体气化	2227~2527	甘油	63.00	29.10	29.1~45.2	21~26.3	[61-62]
不同藻类	MSW等离子体气化	2227~2527	—	—	25.3	—	—	[57]
纤维素	热解-DBD	550，250	Ni-Co/Al₂O₃	54.65	26.60	55.71	42.85	[24]
化石燃料	DBD催化	400	Fe₂O₃/ LaSrFeO₃	—	—	9.42	—	[63]
CH₄	DBD催化	400	Fe₂O₃	—	10.00	68.00	8.00	[26]
			SrFeO_3-_δ	—	5.00	37.00	6.00
			NiO/Fe₂O₃	—	54.00	84.00	16.00
			NiO/SrFeO_3-_δ	—	28.00	53.00	10.00
甲苯	DBD催化	约200	NiFe/(Mg, Al)O _x	—	—	—	—	[27]
甲苯	DBD催化	600~800	Mn-MOF-74	—	—	—	—	[28]
甲苯	DBD催化	600~800	CeO₂/13X	—	—	—	—	[65-66]

序号	国家和地区	项目方	技术原理	垃圾种类	产氢效率	进展及规模
1	加拿大	PyroGenesis 公司	等离子体制氢	垃圾	—	技术研发
2	加拿大渥太华	OMNI C	气化和等离子体精炼系统	垃圾	产生约5000 t负碳氢/a	200 t/d（67000 t/a）
3	美国	Solena Group 旗下分公司SGH2	等离子增强气化（SPEG）	垃圾	11 t/d 3800 t/a	每年将能够生产约3800 t氢气，处理42000 t垃圾
4	美国	西屋	等离子体气化	垃圾	48 t/d	在运营
5	卢森堡	Boson Energy	等离子体气化	垃圾	100 kg/t	研发阶段
6	美国	startech	等离子体	城市垃圾	—	日处理2000 t垃圾
7	中国	东方电气集团有限公司	等离子体气化	城市固废	—	1600 t/d