Effects of composite electrodes with different substrate materials on electricity generation of thermal regenerative ammonia-based batteries

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200724

Abstract

Abstract:

Aiming at the problem that the copper electrode of the thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery (TRAB) is easily corroded to break, composite electrodes with relatively stable skeleton structure was constructed and applied to TRAB. The electroplating characteristics of composite electrodes with different base materials and the influence on the power generation characteristics and maximum power output of TRAB were studied. The research results show that, compared with other base material composite electrode batteries, although the TRAB with foam nickel base material composite electrode has a relatively small electrode surface area and copper plating volume, it has lower material transmission resistance and minimum ohmic internal resistance. Obtain the largest voltage output, the largest power generation and energy density, the highest coulombic efficiency and the highest power output (11.5 mW). It can be seen that nickel foam as a base material for the TRAB composite electrode is a relatively good choice. At the same time, follow-up research on the influence of the pore size of the composite electrode is required.

Key words: thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery, composite electrode, electrode specific surface area, maximum power, mass transfer

摘要：

针对热再生氨电池（thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery，TRAB）铜电极局部结构易被腐蚀断裂这一问题，构建了骨架结构相对较稳定的复合电极并应用于TRAB，研究了不同基底材料复合电极的电镀特性及其对TRAB产电特性和最大功率输出的影响。研究结果表明，与其他基底材料复合电极的电池相比，采用泡沫镍基底材料复合电极的TRAB虽电极表面积和镀铜量相对较小，但是具有较低的物质传输阻力和最小的欧姆内阻，从而获得最大的电压输出、最大的产电量和能量密度、最高的库仑效率和最高的功率输出（11.5 mW）。可见，泡沫镍作为TRAB复合电极的基底材料是一个相对较好的选择，同时需针对复合电极孔隙大小的影响规律开展后续研究。

关键词: 热再生氨电池, 复合电极, 比表面积, 最大功率, 传质

CLC Number:

TANG Zhiqiang, SHI Yu, ZHANG Liang, LI Jun, FU Qian, ZHU Xun, LIAO Qiang. Effects of composite electrodes with different substrate materials on electricity generation of thermal regenerative ammonia-based batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(3): 1667-1674.

唐志强, 石雨, 张亮, 李俊, 付乾, 朱恂, 廖强. 不同基底材料复合电极对热再生氨电池产电性能的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(3): 1667-1674.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig.1 Schematic of flat-plate thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery

Fig.2 The mass of copper deposited on the composite electrodes with different substrate materials

Table 1 Mercury injection tests of the composite electrodes

电极种类	镀铜后电极质量/g	总孔隙面积/(m2/g)	总表面积/m2
碳纸	0.48	27.968	13.425
碳布	0.558	0.283	0.158
泡沫镍	1.001	0.055	0.055
不锈钢网	0.7	0.002	0.0014

Fig.3 SEM images of the composite electrodes based on carbon paper (a), carbon cloth (b), nickel foam (c), and stainless steel wire (d)

Fig.4 Polarization curve (a) and power curve (b) of TRAB composed of composite electrodes using different substrate materials

Fig.5 Electricity generation (a), total charge and energy density (b), and coulombic efficiency (c) of TRABs composed of composite electrodes with different substrate materials

References 26

27	李彦翔, 张亮, 朱恂, 等. 传质对热可再生氨电池性能的影响[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2019, 40(3): 192-195.
	Li Y X, Zhang L, Zhu X, et al. Effect of mass transfer on the performance of thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery [J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2019, 40(3): 668-671.
28	Wang W G, Tian H, Shu G Q, et al. A bimetallic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for high power density and efficiently harvesting low-grade thermal energy [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(11): 5991-6000.
29	Zhang L, Li Y X, Zhu X, et al. Copper foam electrodes for increased power generation in thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries for low-grade waste heat recovery [J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(17): 7408-7415.
30	Shi Y, Zhang L, Li J, et al. 3-D printed gradient porous composite electrodes improve anodic current distribution and performance in thermally regenerative flow battery for low-grade waste heat recovery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 473: 228525.
31	唐志强, 张亮, 朱恂, 等. 不同Cu²⁺浓度下热再生氨电池产电及Cu²⁺去除特性 [J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(12): 4804-4810.
	Tang Z Q, Zhang L, Zhu X, et al. Effect of Cu²⁺ concentration in cathode on power generation and copper removal of thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery [J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(12): 4804-4810.
32	Vicari F, D'Angelo A, Kouko Y, et al. On the regeneration of thermally regenerative ammonia batteries [J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2018, 48(12): 1381-1388.
1	Lu H Y, Price L, Zhang Q. Capturing the invisible resource: analysis of waste heat potential in Chinese industry [J]. Applied Energy Barking Then Oxford, 2016, 161: 497-511.
2	Jouhara H, Khordehgah N, Almahmoud S, et al. Waste heat recovery technologies and applications [J]. Thermal Science & Engineering Progress, 2018, 6: 268-289
3	Woolley E, Luo Y, Simeone A. Industrial waste heat recovery: a systematic approach [J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2018, 29: 50-59.
4	童力, 胡松涛, 罗思义. 高炉渣余热回收协同转化生物质制氢 [J]. 化工学报, 2014, 65(9): 3634-3639.
	Tong L, Hu S T, Luo S Y. Waste heat recovery of blast furnace slag and utilization for production of hydrogen from biomass transformation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2014, 65(9): 3634-3639.
33	Zhang Y S, Zhang L, Li J, et al. Performance of a thermally regenerative ammonia-based flow battery with 3D porous electrodes: effect of reactor and electrode design [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 331: 135442.
5	刘超, 徐进良. 一种新型天然气锅炉烟气余热回收系统 [J]. 化工学报, 2013, 64(11): 4223-4230.
	Liu C, Xu J L. A novel heat recovery system for flue gas from natural gas boiler [J]. 2013, 64(11): 4223-4230.
6	Forman C, Muritala I K, Pardemann R, et al. Estimating the global waste heat potential [J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 57: 1568-1579.
7	van de Bor D M, Ferreira C A I, Kiss A A. Low grade waste heat recovery using heat pumps and power cycles [J]. Energy, 2015, 89: 864-873.
8	Garone S, Toppi T, Guerra M, et al. A water-ammonia heat transformer to upgrade low-temperature waste heat [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 127: 748-757.
9	Salez T J, Huang B T, Rietjens M, et al. Can charged colloidal particles increase the thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency? [J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017, 19(14): 9409-9416.
10	Bell L E. Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems [J]. Science, 2008, 321(5895): 1457-1461.
11	晏维, 邱国跃, 袁旭峰. 半导体温差发电技术应用及研究综述 [J]. 电源技术, 2016, 40(8): 1737-1740
	Yan W, Qiu G Y, Yuan X F. Application and research of semiconductor thermoelectric power generation technology [J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 40(8): 1737-1740.
12	Gayner C, Kar K K. Recent advances in thermoelectric materials [J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2016, 83: 330-382.
13	Straub A P, Deshmukh A, Elimelech M. Pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation from salinity gradients: is it viable? [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(1): 31-48.
14	Abraham T J, Macfarlane D R, Baughman R H, et al. Towards ionic liquid-based thermoelectrochemical cells for the harvesting of thermal energy [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 113: 87-93.
15	Rahimi, M, Straub A P, Zhang F, et al. Emerging electrochemical and membrane-based systems to convert low-grade heat to electricity [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11(2): 276-285
16	Straub A P, Yip N Y, Lin S H, et al. Harvesting low-grade heat energy using thermo-osmotic vapour transport through nanoporous membranes [J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1: 16090.
17	Hao F, Qiu P F, Tang Y S, et al. High efficiency Bi₂Te₃-based materials and devices for thermoelectric power generation between 100 and 300℃ [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(10): 3120-3127.
18	Zhu X P, Rahimi M, Gorski C A, et al. A thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery for electrical energy recovery from waste heat [J]. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(8): 873-879.
19	Rahimi M, Zhu L, Kowalski K L, et al. Improved electrical power production of thermally regenerative batteries using a poly(phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 342: 956-963.
20	Chu S, Majumdar A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future [J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7411): 294-303.
21	Zhang F, Liu J, Yang W L, et al. A thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for efficient harvesting of low-grade thermal energy as electrical power [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(1): 343-349.
22	Wang W G, Shu G Q, Tian H, et al. A numerical model for a thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery using for low grade waste heat recovery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 388: 32-44.
23	Zhang F, Labarge N, Yang W L, et al. Enhancing low-grade thermal energy recovery in a thermally regenerative ammonia battery using elevated temperatures [J]. ChemSusChem, 2015, 8(6): 1043-1048.
24	Rahimi M, Kim T, Gorski C A, et al. A thermally regenerative ammonia battery with carbon-silver electrodes for converting low-grade waste heat to electricity [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 373: 95-102.
25	Rahimi M, D′Angelo A, Gorski C A, et al. Electrical power production from low-grade waste heat using a thermally regenerative ethylenediamine battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 351: 45-50.
26	Palakkal V M, Nguyen T, Nguyen P, et al. High power thermally regenerative ammonia-copper redox flow battery enabled by a zero gap cell design, low-resistant membranes, and electrode coatings [J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 3(5): 4787-4798.

[1]	Jingwei CHAO, Jiaxing XU, Tingxian LI. Investigation on the heating performance of the tube-free-evaporation based sorption thermal battery [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(S1): 302-310.
[2]	Yitong LI, Hang GUO, Hao CHEN, Fang YE. Study on operating conditions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with non-uniform catalyst distributions [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[3]	Yuanyuan ZHANG, Jiangyuan QU, Xinxin SU, Jing YANG, Kai ZHANG. Gas-liquid mass transfer and reaction characteristics of SNCR denitration in CFB coal-fired unit [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(6): 2404-2415.
[4]	Hao WANG, Siyang TANG, Shan ZHONG, Bin LIANG. An investigation of the enhancing effect of solid particle surface on the CO₂ desorption behavior in chemical sorption process with MEA solution [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(4): 1539-1548.
[5]	Zhiguang QIAN, Yue FAN, Shixue WANG, Like YUE, Jinshan WANG, Yu ZHU. Effect of purging conditions on the impedance relaxation phenomenon and low temperature start-up of PEMFC [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1286-1293.
[6]	Yang HE, Senhu GAO, Qingyun WU, Mingli ZHANG, Tao LONG, Pei NIU, Jinghui GAO, Yingqi MENG. Numerical study on heat and mass transfer characteristics of straight slotted fins under wet conditions [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1073-1081.
[7]	Lufan JIA, Yiying WANG, Yuman DONG, Qinyuan LI, Xin XIE, Hao YUAN, Tao MENG. Aqueous two-phase system based adherent droplet microfluidics for enhanced enzymatic reaction [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(3): 1239-1246.
[8]	Wanyuan HE, Yiyu CHEN, Chunying ZHU, Taotao FU, Xiqun GAO, Youguang MA. Study on gas-liquid mass transfer characteristics in microchannel with array bulges [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(2): 690-697.
[9]	Hao ZHANG, Ziyue WANG, Yujie CHENG, Xiaohui HE, Hongbing JI. Progress in the mass production of single-atom catalysts [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(1): 276-289.
[10]	Xuqing WANG, Shenglin YAN, Litao ZHU, Xibao ZHANG, Zhenghong LUO. Research progress on the mass transfer process of CO₂ absorption by amines in a packed column [J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(1): 237-256.
[11]	Kaiyue WANG, Yongli MA, Chen LI, Mingyan LIU. Gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid micro-fluidized beds [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(8): 3529-3540.
[12]	Yuelin WANG, Wei CHAO, Xiaocheng LAN, Zhipeng MO, Shuhuan TONG, Tiefeng WANG. Review of ethanol production via biological syngas fermentation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(8): 3448-3460.
[13]	Zhenyu LIU. Origin of low productivity of underground coal gasification: diffusion and reaction in stagnant boundary layer and gasification tunnel [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(8): 3299-3306.
[14]	Lin WEI, Jian GUO, Zihao LIAO, Dafalla Ahmed Mohmed, Fangming JIANG. Influence of air flow rate on the performance of air cooled hydrogen fuel cell stack [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(7): 3222-3231.
[15]	Wenxiao XIE, Shengkun JIA, Huishu ZHANG, Yiqing LUO, Xigang YUAN. Investigation on mass transfer behavior between floating bubbles and liquid in confined space [J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(7): 2902-2911.