真空探针冷冻和复温性能实验测试及数值模拟

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20190781

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对现有的冷热复合治疗探针中存在的问题，设计了直径3 mm的真空探针，用电阻加热和真空层相结合的方法解决探针非工作段的低温问题，以液氮冷冻和电阻加热的方式实现探针的冷热交替过程。分别在空气、蒸馏水和离体猪肝中进行探针的性能测试实验。发现电加热与真空层结合可以提高探针非工作段的温度；在蒸馏水中探针形成轴向长度为3.6 cm，径向长度为1.8 cm的冰球；在离体猪肝中形成轴向冻结直径约为3.6 cm，化冻直径为1.2 cm的区域。使用数值计算的方法计算探针的有效治疗范围，形象直观地展示组织在冷冻和复温过程中的温度场分布，为临床手术提供数据支持。从整体效果看，探针有良好的冷冻和复温性能，促进冷热复合治疗的进一步发展。

关键词: 热力学性质, 生物医学工程, 真空探针, 肿瘤治疗, 数值模拟

Abstract:

A 3-mm-diameter vacuum cryoprobe was designed. Low temperature problem in non-working section of probe was solved by resistance heating and vacuum layer. The freezing and rewarming process of the vacuum cryoprobe was realized through liquid nitrogen and resistance heating, and the freezing and rewarming properties of the vacuum cryoprobe were studied in air, distilled water and isolated porcine liver. According to the temperature variation data of the vacuum probe s working section in the isolated pig liver, set the corresponding boundary conditions in the numerical simulation, and use the classical bio-heat transfer equation to calculate the temperature distribution of the vacuum probe during freezing and rewarming process in human tissues, which can better understand the performance of the designed vacuum probe. In air, firstly, the vacuum probe has same temperature that working section is -190℃ and non-working section is -100℃ at 0.2 MPa,0.25 MPa,0.3 MPa, but the cooling rate will increase with increasing pressure. Secondly, the vacuum layer outside the probe s non- working section can prevent heat transfer. Thirdly, the resistance heating method can increase the temperature of the vacuum cryoprobe. Resistance heating can make the temperature of the probe s non-working section within the acceptable range of the human body, and without damaging the human normal tissues. In distilled water, the probe s working section can form ice hockey with an axial length of 3.6 cm and a radial length of 1.8 cm at 600 s, and volume of ice hockey is 6.11 cm³. In vitro porcine liver, the freezing phenomenon can be clearly seen. The freezing temperature reaches -192.9℃ and rewarming temperature reaches -55℃ in working section, and average cooling rate is 128℃/min. At the end of the experiment, the axial frozen diameter and axial thawed diameter are 3.6 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively. In simulation, the influence heat sources on the temperature field of human tissues was analyzed. From the nephogram, the tissues form ice hockey and melt gradually. Without heat source, freezing effective area is ellipse which long axis is 12.4 mm at 600 s, while rewarming effective area is ellipse which long axis is 10.4 mm at 1400 s. If heat source is considered, whole tissue s temperature will increase during the freezing and rewarming process, and it has a great influence on rewarming process. From the overall effect, the probe has good freezing and rewarming properties, which promotes the further development of cold-heat compound therapy.

Key words: thermodynamic properties, biomedical engineering, vacuum cryoprobe, tumor therapy, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TH 775

谭畯坤, 刘玉东, 耿世超, 陈兵, 童明伟. 真空探针冷冻和复温性能实验测试及数值模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(4): 1440-1449.

Junkun TAN, Yudong LIU, Shichao GENG, Bing CHEN, Mingwei TONG. Test and numerical simulation of freezing and rewarming performance of vacuum probe[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(4): 1440-1449.

图/表 22

图1 实验系统结构1—液氮罐；2—空气压缩机；3—低温电磁阀；4—真空探针；5—电磁阀；6—电源；7—真空泵；8—计算机；9—数据采集仪

Fig.1 Structure of experimental system

图2 真空探针内部结构

Fig.2 Internal structure of vacuum probe

图3 探针非工作段电阻加热链接方式

Fig.3 Resistance heating link mode of probe non-working section

表1 空气中实验条件

Table 1 Experimental conditions in air

实验条件	第一组	第二组	第三组	第四组
空气温度/℃	18.5	18.5	18.5	18.5
探针真空层真空度/kPa	90	90	90	70、80、90
液氮罐压力/MPa	0.20、0.25、0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
工作段加热功率/W		0.30、0.68、1.20	—	—
非工作段加热功率/W	—	—	0.22、0.50、0.69	—
实验持续时间/s	600	600	600	600

图4 热电偶在离体组织中的位置(单位: mm)

Fig.4 Position of thermocouples in isolated tissues

图5 生物组织冷冻模型 (单位：mm)

Fig.5 Model of biological tissue freezing

图6 探针表面温度

Fig.6 Probe surface temperature

图7 不同压力下探针工作段温度变化

Fig.7 Temperature response curve of working section for different pressures

图8 不同压力下探针非工作段温度变化

Fig.8 Temperature response curve of non-working section for different pressures

图9 探针工作段在蒸馏水中不同时刻形成冰球的形状

Fig.9 Optical image of ice hockey formation in distilled water experiment

图10 冷冻实验结束时冰球在空气中的形状

Fig.10 Shape of ice hockey in air at end of freezing experiment

图11 离体组织中温度变化

Fig.11 Temperature changes in isolated tissues

图12 猪肝的冷冻和复温结果剖面（单位：mm）

Fig.12 Profile of porcine liver after freezing and rewarming

图13 冷冻过程温度云图/K

Fig.13 Tissue temperature nephogram at freezing stage

图14 复温过程温度云图/K

Fig.14 Tissue temperature nephogram at thawing stage

图15 数值计算过程中M、N、L检测点温度变化

Fig.15 Temperature response curves at three monitoring points: M, N, and L

表2 冷冻过程影响区域

Table 2 Influence zone in freezing process

时间/s	有效区/mm	冻结线/mm
100	3.6	5
200	7.2	9
300	8.9	11
400	10.5	12.9
500	11.5	13
600	12.4	15.8

表3 复温过程影响区域

Table 3 Influence zone in rewarming process

时间/s	有效区下限(42℃) /mm	有效区上限(45℃) /mm	正常组织无损伤区 /mm
700	0	0	0
800	2.5	2.3	0.2
1000	4.4	3.8	0.6
1200	7.2	5.7	1.5
1400	10.4	8	2.4

图16 数值计算过程中检测点M在有无内热源情况下温度对比

Fig.16 Temperature response curve of point M with or without heat source

图17 探针非工作段在不同真空度条件下温度变化

Fig.17 Temperature variation of probe non-working section under different vacuum conditions

图18 工作段不同的加热功率对探针工作段的影响

Fig.18 Temperature response curve of working section under three working heating powers

图19 非工作段不同的加热功率对探针非工作段的影响

Fig.19 Temperature response curve of non-working section under three non-working heating powers

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