10 t/d级氢液化装置流程热力分析与优化

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221084

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对10 t/d级氢液化装置研制要求，构建了液氮预冷的连续转化型双压Claude氢液化流程，并开展了氢物性计算方法筛选、连续转化热模型构建以及流程热力设计与参数优化，分析了膨胀机等熵效率、换热器窄点温差以及原料氢沿程阻力等因素对流程参数的影响，给出了不同工况下的流程性能及各关键部件的热力设计参数范围，可为膨胀机、换热器的研制提供设计热力输入参数。该氢液化流程在基础工况下（考虑较恶劣膨胀机运行条件）的最大理论液氢产量12.96 t/d，液氢产品仲氢含量97%；理论总氢液化比功耗为10.50 kWh/kg LH₂（不含原料氢增压），对应的流程㶲效率为35.06%；可为连续转化式大型氢膨胀液化装置的研制提供参考。

关键词: 氢, 液化, 膨胀机, 热力学过程, 流程分析

Abstract:

According to the requirements for the development of a 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction unit, a continuous conversion dual-pressure Claude hydrogen liquefaction process with liquid nitrogen precooling was constructed. The hydrogen liquefaction process is based on a liquid-nitrogen-precooled dual pressure Claude cycle using continuous ortho-to-para hydrogen conversion method. The influence of key factors on process performance is analyzed, including expander isentropic efficiency, recuperator minimum approach and feed hydrogen pressure drop, etc. The thermodynamic parameter ranges of the liquefaction process and key equipment are provided, which could be a reference for the design of expanders and recuperators. Under the basic operation conditions (a severe operation condition for hydrogen expanders), the maximum liquid hydrogen output is 12.96 t/d with para-hydrogen concentration of 97%. The calculated overall specific power consumption is 10.50 kWh/kg LH₂ (the compression power of feed hydrogen is not included), with process exergy efficiency of 35.06%. The simulation methods and simulation results could be a reference for the development of continuous ortho-to-para conversion type large scale hydrogen liquefaction systems.

Key words: hydrogen, liquefaction, expander, thermodynamics process, process analysis

中图分类号:

TB 657.8

王昊成, 杨敬瑶, 董学强, 郭浩, 赵延兴, 公茂琼. 10 t/d级氢液化装置流程热力分析与优化[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(11): 5106-5117.

Haocheng WANG, Jingyao YANG, Xueqiang DONG, Hao GUO, Yanxing ZHAO, Maoqiong GONG. Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction process[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(11): 5106-5117.

图/表 19

表1 多种氢液化流程构型比较

Table 1 Comparison of several hydrogen liquefaction processes

流程构型	技术特点
L-H循环（节流循环）	用于早期或微小型液化装置，能耗较高，目前已少见应用
氦膨胀制冷循环	主要用于< 2.5 t/d的小型氢液化装置；能耗一般高于氢膨胀制冷
氢膨胀制冷循环	现有≥5 t/d大型氢液化装置的主流流程（双压Claude循环等）
新型循环（J-B循环等）	液体/两相膨胀机等技术尚未突破，设备初投资高、技术风险大，无实际应用

图1 氢膨胀制冷氢液化流程中典型膨胀机布置形式

Fig.1 Typical expander arrangement methods in hydrogen expansion liquefaction processes

表2 氢膨胀液化流程典型工况下膨胀机组主要参数对比

Table 2 Main parameter comparison of hydrogen expander units under typical operation conditions

参数	两组串联	两组并联
进口压力/bar	24.68	24.71
进口温度/K	65.05	75.74
出口压力/bar	18.50	13.84
出口温度/K	59.15	63.02
进出口焓降, Δh/(kJ/kg)	52.34	120.04
最大线速度, u/(m/s)	220.01	333.19
理论转速, ω/(r/min)	70031	106065

图2 典型正仲氢催化转化形式

Fig.2 Typical ortho-to-para hydrogen conversion methods

图3 10 t/d双压Claude氢液化流程

Fig.3 10 t/d dual-pressure Claude hydrogen liquefaction process

图4 正常氢比定压热容MBWR模型与Refprop计算结果对比

Fig.4 cp of normal hydrogen calculated by MBWR and Refprop

图5 正常氢与平衡氢比定压热容计算结果对比

Fig.5 cp of normal hydrogen and equilibrium hydrogen

图6 正仲氢转化模拟热源与实际正仲氢转化热负荷对比

Fig.6 Comparison of simulative heat source and actual ortho-to-para hydrogen conversion heat

图7 复合形优化方法流程图

Fig.7 Flow chart of complex optimization method

表3 基础工况下10 t/d氢膨胀液化流程主要热力参数

Table 3 Main thermodynamic parameters of 10 t/d hydrogen liquefaction process under basic operation conditions

流程参数	计算结果
最大液化量/（L/h）	7812.31
液氢质量流量/（g/s）	150.00
原料氢压力/bar	25.00
循环氢质量流量/（g/s）	845.40
总UA值/（kW/K）	617.63
液氮耗量/（L/h）	5810.12
氢循环理论功耗/kW	3347.00
氢循环理论比功耗/（kWh/kg LH₂）	6.20
预冷理论比功耗/（kWh/kg LH₂）	4.30
总理论比功耗/（kWh/kg LH₂）	10.50
流程㶲效率/%	35.06

图8 不同膨胀机等熵效率下氢液化流程关键热力参数

Fig.8 Process performance under various expander isentropic efficiencies

图9 基础工况下氢液化流程㶲损失分布

Fig.9 Process exergy loss distribution under basic operation conditions

表4 氢膨胀液化流程典型工况下膨胀机组主要参数对比

Table 4 Main parameter comparison of hydrogen expander units under typical operation conditions

文献	流程结构	设计产量/（t/d）	功耗/（kWh/kg）
[17]	液氮预冷的双压Claude流程（模拟值）	2.63	10.85
[15]	液氮预冷的氦气膨胀制冷流程（模拟值）	1.51	10.25
[19]	混合工质预冷的四级 J-B流程（模拟值）	100	5.91
[3]	液氮预冷的双压Claude流程（实测值）	5.00	11.90
[11]	液氮预冷的氦气膨胀制冷流程（实测值）	约1.5	约17
本文	液氮预冷的双压Claude流程（模拟值）	12.96	10.50

图10 不同膨胀机等熵效率下压缩机组关键热力参数范围

Fig.10 Key thermodynamic parameters of the compressor unit under various expander isentropic efficiencies

图11 不同膨胀机等熵效率下膨胀机组关键热力参数范围

Fig.11 Key thermodynamic parameters of the expander unit under various expander isentropic efficiencies

图12 基础工况下流程中各换热器T-Q图

Fig.12 T-Q plots of recuperators under basic conditions

图13 不同膨胀机等熵效率下换热器组关键热力参数

Fig.13 Key thermodynamic parameters of recuperators under various expander isentropic efficiencies

图14 不同换热器窄点温差下流程与换热器组关键热力参数

Fig.14 Key thermodynamic parameters of recuperators under various minimum approaches (ΔTmin)

图15 不同原料气阻力压降下流程与换热器组关键热力参数

Fig.15 Key thermodynamic parameters of recuperators under various recuperator pressure drops (Δp)

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