细胞器超分辨成像荧光染料

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231376

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超分辨显微镜提供超越传统光学显微镜衍射极限的成像能力，彻底改变了细胞生物学领域研究。在这一背景下，具有光稳定性、易于修饰和荧光开关可调等独特性能的有机小分子染料获得了新的发展机遇。本综述聚焦于不同细胞器超分辨成像荧光染料，总结了目前可用的超分辨荧光探针的设计和靶向策略。论文首先简要介绍了三种主要的超分辨成像技术，包括结构光照明显微镜技术、受激发射损耗显微技术和单分子定位成像技术，以及它们对荧光染料性能的不同要求，并介绍了近五年来用于线粒体、溶酶体、细胞膜、脂滴和细胞核的超分辨成像的荧光染料。论文最后讨论了该领域当前所面临的挑战。

关键词: 荧光染料, 超分辨成像, 荧光探针, 细胞器, 动态

Abstract:

Super-resolution microscopy has revolutionized the field of cell biology by providing enhanced imaging capabilities that surpass the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy. In this context, organic small molecule dyes with unique properties such as photostability, ease modification, and tunable fluorescence switching have gained new development opportunities. This review focuses on fluorescent dyes for super-resolution imaging of different cellular organelles and summarizes the design and targeting strategies of currently available super-resolution fluorescent probes. The paper begins by briefly introducing three major super-resolution imaging techniques, including structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and single-molecule localization microscopy, and their diverse requirements for the performance of fluorescent dyes. It also highlights fluorescent dyes used in super-resolution imaging of mitochondria, lysosomes, cell membranes, lipid droplets, and nucleus over the past five years. Finally, the article discusses the future challenges in this field.

Key words: fluorescent dyes, super-resolution imaging, fluorescent probes, organelles, dynamics

中图分类号:

O 657.3

江文钞, 徐兆超. 细胞器超分辨成像荧光染料[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231376.

Wenchao JIANG, Zhaochao XU. Fluorescent dyes for super-resolution imaging of organelles[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20231376.

图/表 13

图1 超分辨成像技术原理图注:(a) STED technology; (b) SIM technology; (c) SMLM technology

Fig.1 Principles of super-resolution imaging technology[18]

图2 (a)常用细胞器的靶向基团和(b)常用蛋白标签

Fig.2 (a) Ligand groups targeting mitochondria, plasma membrane, lysosomes, and nucleus; (b) Two universal protein tag ligands

图 3 基于正电荷靶向的线粒体超分辨荧光染料结构及其超分辨动态成像注:(a) The molecular structure of MitoPB Yellow and STED imaging of mitochondria[28]; (b) Two-color STED imaging of MitoPB Yellow and TMR; (c) Dynamic super-resolution imaging of mitochondrial cristae; (d) The principle of HIDE probe[29]; (e)(f) Two-color super-resolution imaging and dynamic super-resolution imaging using HIDE membrane probes; (g) The molecular structure of IMMBright660[30]; (h) STED imaging of mitochondrial cristae using IMMBright660; (i) Two-color dynamic super-resolution imaging of mitochondrial cristae and mtDNA; (j) The molecular structure of mtDNA dye[31]; (k) STED imaging of mitochondrial DNA

Fig.3 Mitochondrial super-resolution fluorescent dye based on positive charge targeting and its dynamic super-resolution imaging

图 4 利用改造的蛋白配体或者蛋白标签实现线粒体可逆标记进行长时间超分辨成像注:(a)(b) Long-term PAINT imaging using reversible ligand labeling of mitochondria[32]; (c)(d) Using the modified Halo protein to achieve reversible labeling of mitochondria for long-term super-resolution imaging and single-molecule tracking[33]

Fig.4 Using modified Halo-ligands or Halotags to achieve reversible labeling of mitochondria for long-term super-resolution imaging

图 5 基于细胞穿透肽靶向的溶酶体染料和商业线粒体染料的双色超分辨动态成像

Fig.5 Two-color super-resolution dynamic imaging of lysosomal and mitochondrial dyes by cell-penetrating peptide-targeted lysosomal dyes and commercial mitochondrial dyes[40]

图 6 LysoSR-549的结构及其用于溶酶体运动的动态追踪超分辨成像

Fig.6 The structure of LysoSR-549 and its use for dynamic tracking super-resolution imaging of lysosomal movement[41]

图 7 (a)超稳定的溶酶体超分辨染料和(b)远红外的溶酶体超分辨染料

Fig.7 (a)Ultra-stable lysosomal super-resolution dyes[42] and (b) far-infrared lysosomal super-resolution dyes[43]

图 8 细胞膜超分辨荧光染料结构及其超分辨动态成像注:(a) spontaneously blinking properties of HMSiR[44]; (b) The structures of DiI-TCO and DiI-C6-TCO; (c) Time-lapse images of filopodial dynamics; (d) The procedure to label the plasma membrane with the HIDE probe[45]; (e) Long-term live-cell STED imaging of hippocampal neurons with DiI-SiR; (f) Molecular structures of chol-N3; (g) Lipid nanodomains structure characterization in cells treated with chol-N3[46]

Fig.8 Cell membrane super-resolution fluorescent dyes and their super-resolution dynamic imaging

图 9 细胞膜超分辨荧光染料结构及其3D超分辨动态成像和光谱分辨的超分辨成像注:(a) Switchable cyanine-based dimeric probe lights up after reversible binding to biomembranes[47]; (b) The structure of BTF; (c) 3D-PAINT of the plasma membrane in living cells with BTF2; (d) The structure of NR4A; (e) Reversible binding of NR4A to cell membranes; (f) Nanoscopic mapping of lipid order in cell membranes with NR4A[48]

Fig.9 Cell membrane super-resolution fluorescent dyes for 3D super-resolution dynamic imaging and spectral-resolved super-resolution imaging

图 10 高光稳定性的脂滴超分辨染料注:(a)(c)(d)(e)The molecular structure of LAQ1[60], Lipi-DSB[61], Lipi-BDTO[62], Lipi-DSBOMe[63], and (b)STED imaging of lipid droplets

Fig.10 Highly photostable dyes for super-resolution imaging of lipid droplets

图 11 氢键敏感荧光探针通过缓冲策略对脂滴动态的超分辨稳定成像注:(a) Mechanism of LD-FG for LD fluorogenic and dynamic imaging; (b) SIM image of LD coalescence in living cells[64]

Fig.11 Stable super-resolution imaging of lipid droplet (LD) dynamics via a buffering strategy using hydrogen-bond-sensitive fluorescent probes

图 12 以Hoechst为配体的细胞核超分辨成像染料注:(a) Nuclear dyes based on Hoechst covalently modified multiple fluorophore precursors[66]; (b) Chemical structure of SiR-Hoechst[67]; (c) Chemical structure of HoeSR[68]; (d) 5'-regioisomers show better performance for nuclear staining; (e) Two-color STED nanoscopy images of heterochromatin and tubulin[69]; (f) Chemical structure of far-red switching DNA probes; (g) Super-resolution imaging of chromatin based on single molecules[70]; (h) Chemical structure of Hoechst-Cy5[71]

Fig.12 Hoechst-liganded dyes for super-resolution imaging of cell nuclei

图 13 用于核仁超分辨成像的有机小分子染料注:(a) The molecular structure of Mn-NCO1; (b) Nucleolus super-resolution imaging with Mn-NCO1[72]; (c) The proposed A-D-M equilibrium fluorogenic SNAP-tag probe BGAN-Aze; (d) Super-resolution imaging of nucleolar fusion in living HeLa cells[73]

Fig.13 Organic small molecule dyes for nucleolus super-resolution imaging

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