混合制冷级联天然气液化工艺优化及分析

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240448

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

混合制冷级联（MFC）工艺是大型基地负荷型天然气液化过程最具竞争力的工艺之一，其工艺由天然气预冷、液化和过冷三个混合制冷循环构成，涉及冷剂配比、制冷温度及压力等关键参数，使其过程复杂和敏感。针对MFC液化工艺，建立了以比功耗为目标的优化函数，借助Aspen HYSYS流程模拟与物性计算，采用序列二次规划法（SQP）优化算法对MFC工艺进行全局优化，并对工艺过程进行有效能分析。优化结果表明，全局优化后，MFC液化过程的比功耗为899.36 kJ/kg，降低了7.38%；多股流换热器冷热复合曲线匹配得更好。通过有效能分析发现，制冷压缩机机组的有效能损失占比最大，优化后多股流换热器的有效能损失显著降低，液化过程的有效能效率由38.17%提高到41.21%，能量利用效率提高明显。

关键词: 天然气液化, 比功耗, 优化, 有效能分析

Abstract:

The mixed fluid cascade (MFC) process is one of the most competitive processes for large-scale base-loaded natural gas liquefaction process, which consists of three mixed refrigeration cycles of natural gas pre-cooling, liquefaction, and subcooling, which involves key parameters such as refrigerant ratios, refrigeration temperatures, and pressures, which makes the process complex and sensitive. For the MFC liquefaction process, an optimization function with specific power consumption as the objective is established, and with the help of Aspen HYSYS process simulation and physical property calculation, the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization algorithm is used to globally optimize the MFC process and conduct energy efficient analysis of the process. The optimization results show that after the global optimization, the specific power consumption of the MFC liquefaction process is 899.36 kJ/kg, which is 7.38% lower. The cold-heat composite curve of the multi-strand flow heat exchanger is better matched. Through the effective energy analysis, it is found that the effective energy loss of the refrigeration compressor unit accounts for the largest proportion, and the effective energy loss of the multi-strand flow heat exchanger is significantly reduced after the optimization, and the effective energy efficiency of the liquefaction process is increased from 38.17% to 41.21%, and the energy utilization efficiency is improved obviously.

Key words: natural gas liquefaction, unit power consumption, optimization, effective energy analysis

中图分类号:

TE 6

蒲黎明, 汪贵, 郑春来, 王科, 向腾龙, 王治红. 混合制冷级联天然气液化工艺优化及分析[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(S1): 267-275.

Liming PU, Gui WANG, Chunlai ZHENG, Ke WANG, Tenglong XIANG, Zhihong WANG. Optimization and analysis of natural gas liquefaction process in mixed fluid cascade[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(S1): 267-275.

图/表 13

表1 天然气组成(摩尔分数)

Table 1 Natural gas composition(mole fraction)

CH₂	C₂H₆	C₃H₈	iC₄H₁₀	nC₄H₁₀	N₂	H₂+He
0.9481	0.0311	0.0085	0.0024	0.0017	0.0076	0.0006

图1 MFC天然气液化工艺流程

Fig.1 MFC natural gas liquefaction process flow

表2 模拟流股热力学数据

Table 2 Simulated flow strand thermodynamic data

编号	气相分数	温度/℃	压力/MPa	摩尔流量/(kmol/h)	质量流量/(kg/h)	质量焓/(kJ/kg)	质量熵/(kJ/(kg·K))	质量有效能/(kJ/kg)
1	1.00	22.00	8.50	53740.43	910695.00	-4535.77	8.50	620.46
2	1.00	-35.35	7.98	53740.43	910695.00	-4720.45	7.82	637.88
3	0.00	-71.55	7.73	53740.43	910695.00	-4952.25	6.77	721.49
4	0.00	-155.00	5.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.41	739.97
5	0.04	-156.88	0.61	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.48	720.48
6	0.00	-159.29	0.20	51443.44	871752.12	-5336.94	4.59	1008.16
7	1.00	-159.29	0.20	2296.99	38942.88	-4328.54	8.74	237.92
8	0.00	-35.35	1.10	36717.32	1493609.51	-2991.72	2.23	165.59
9	0.02	-38.35	0.39	36717.32	1493609.51	-2991.72	2.24	164.02
10	1.00	18.00	0.33	36717.32	1493609.51	-2497.90	4.21	70.83
11	0.01	13.76	1.57	36717.32	1493609.51	-2862.16	2.72	149.29
12	1.00	102.59	1.78	18358.66	746804.76	-2364.32	4.30	177.36
13	1.00	102.59	1.78	18358.66	746804.76	-2364.32	4.30	177.36
14	0.00	15.00	1.64	36717.32	1493609.51	-2862.16	2.72	149.43
15	0.00	-35.35	3.81	31557.60	952561.51	-3373.16	3.75	298.71
16	0.00	-71.55	3.49	31557.60	952561.51	-3468.55	3.32	332.00
17	0.09	-81.50	0.41	31557.60	952561.51	-3468.55	3.35	321.07
18	1.00	-41.33	3.44	31557.60	952561.51	-2973.78	5.71	113.16
19	1.00	118.24	4.44	15778.80	476280.76	-2731.08	5.87	308.13
20	1.00	118.24	4.44	15778.80	476280.76	-2731.08	5.87	308.13
21	0.10	15.00	4.30	31557.60	952561.51	-3180.07	4.47	276.64
22	0.11	14.62	4.25	31557.60	952561.51	-3180.07	4.47	276.46
23	0.01	-71.55	6.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3492.25	4.93	529.36
24	0.00	-156.00	5.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.41	739.97
25	0.09	-160.80	0.39	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.49	716.69
26	1.00	-74.54	0.35	41168.33	934825.83	-3159.50	7.25	169.53
27	1.00	93.38	3.45	20584.16	467412.91	-2883.56	7.45	386.71
28	1.00	93.38	3.45	20584.16	467412.91	-2883.56	7.45	386.71
29	1.00	15.30	3.39	20584.16	467412.91	-3046.81	6.95	370.95
30	1.00	15.30	3.39	20584.16	467412.91	-3046.81	6.95	370.95
31	1.00	80.81	7.31	20584.16	467412.91	-2944.79	7.03	451.15
32	1.00	80.81	7.31	20584.16	467412.91	-2944.79	7.03	451.15
33	1.00	14.70	7.19	41168.33	934825.83	-3105.54	6.53	439.16
34	0.57	-35.35	6.79	41168.33	934825.83	-3311.12	5.74	468.11

表2 模拟流股热力学数据

Table 2 Simulated flow strand thermodynamic data

编号	气相分数	温度/℃	压力/MPa	摩尔流量/(kmol/h)	质量流量/(kg/h)	质量焓/(kJ/kg)	质量熵/(kJ/(kg·K))	质量有效能/(kJ/kg)
1	1.00	22.00	8.50	53740.43	910695.00	-4535.77	8.50	620.46
2	1.00	-35.35	7.98	53740.43	910695.00	-4720.45	7.82	637.88
3	0.00	-71.55	7.73	53740.43	910695.00	-4952.25	6.77	721.49
4	0.00	-155.00	5.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.41	739.97
5	0.04	-156.88	0.61	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.48	720.48
6	0.00	-159.29	0.20	51443.44	871752.12	-5336.94	4.59	1008.16
7	1.00	-159.29	0.20	2296.99	38942.88	-4328.54	8.74	237.92
8	0.00	-35.35	1.10	36717.32	1493609.51	-2991.72	2.23	165.59
9	0.02	-38.35	0.39	36717.32	1493609.51	-2991.72	2.24	164.02
10	1.00	18.00	0.33	36717.32	1493609.51	-2497.90	4.21	70.83
11	0.01	13.76	1.57	36717.32	1493609.51	-2862.16	2.72	149.29
12	1.00	102.59	1.78	18358.66	746804.76	-2364.32	4.30	177.36
13	1.00	102.59	1.78	18358.66	746804.76	-2364.32	4.30	177.36
14	0.00	15.00	1.64	36717.32	1493609.51	-2862.16	2.72	149.43
15	0.00	-35.35	3.81	31557.60	952561.51	-3373.16	3.75	298.71
16	0.00	-71.55	3.49	31557.60	952561.51	-3468.55	3.32	332.00
17	0.09	-81.50	0.41	31557.60	952561.51	-3468.55	3.35	321.07
18	1.00	-41.33	3.44	31557.60	952561.51	-2973.78	5.71	113.16
19	1.00	118.24	4.44	15778.80	476280.76	-2731.08	5.87	308.13
20	1.00	118.24	4.44	15778.80	476280.76	-2731.08	5.87	308.13
21	0.10	15.00	4.30	31557.60	952561.51	-3180.07	4.47	276.64
22	0.11	14.62	4.25	31557.60	952561.51	-3180.07	4.47	276.46
23	0.01	-71.55	6.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3492.25	4.93	529.36
24	0.00	-156.00	5.18	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.41	739.97
25	0.09	-160.80	0.39	41168.33	934825.83	-3734.10	3.49	716.69
26	1.00	-74.54	0.35	41168.33	934825.83	-3159.50	7.25	169.53
27	1.00	93.38	3.45	20584.16	467412.91	-2883.56	7.45	386.71
28	1.00	93.38	3.45	20584.16	467412.91	-2883.56	7.45	386.71
29	1.00	15.30	3.39	20584.16	467412.91	-3046.81	6.95	370.95
30	1.00	15.30	3.39	20584.16	467412.91	-3046.81	6.95	370.95
31	1.00	80.81	7.31	20584.16	467412.91	-2944.79	7.03	451.15
32	1.00	80.81	7.31	20584.16	467412.91	-2944.79	7.03	451.15
33	1.00	14.70	7.19	41168.33	934825.83	-3105.54	6.53	439.16
34	0.57	-35.35	6.79	41168.33	934825.83	-3311.12	5.74	468.11

表3 MFC工艺的关键/决策变量下限和上限

Table 3 Lower and upper bounds of key/decision variables for the MFC process

关键/决策变量		单位	下限	上限
过冷循环	高压压力p₃₁	MPa	6.00	8.50
	制冷压力p₂₅	MPa	0.20	0.60
	过冷温度T₂₄	℃	-140.00	-160.00
	N₂流率 $m_{N_{2}}$	kmol/h	5500	6200
	CH₄流率 $m_{C_{1}}$	kmol/h	18000	25000
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	12000	18000
液化循环	高压压力p₁₉	MPa	4.00	5.00
	制冷压力p₁₇	MPa	0.20	0.60
	液化温度T₁₆	℃	-60.00	-85.00
	CH₄流率 $m_{C_{1}}$	kmol/h	4000	5000
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	20000	30000
	C₃H₈流率 $m_{C_{3}}$	kmol/h	3200	4500
预冷循环	高压压力p₁₂	MPa	1.50	2.50
	制冷压力p₉	MPa	0.20	0.60
	预冷温度T₈	℃	-27.00	-40.00
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	15000	18000
	C₃H₈流率 $m_{C_{3}}$	kmol/h	12000	18000
	C₄H₁₀流率 $m_{C_{4}}$	kmol/h	6000	9000

表3 MFC工艺的关键/决策变量下限和上限

Table 3 Lower and upper bounds of key/decision variables for the MFC process

关键/决策变量		单位	下限	上限
过冷循环	高压压力p₃₁	MPa	6.00	8.50
	制冷压力p₂₅	MPa	0.20	0.60
	过冷温度T₂₄	℃	-140.00	-160.00
	N₂流率 $m_{N_{2}}$	kmol/h	5500	6200
	CH₄流率 $m_{C_{1}}$	kmol/h	18000	25000
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	12000	18000
液化循环	高压压力p₁₉	MPa	4.00	5.00
	制冷压力p₁₇	MPa	0.20	0.60
	液化温度T₁₆	℃	-60.00	-85.00
	CH₄流率 $m_{C_{1}}$	kmol/h	4000	5000
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	20000	30000
	C₃H₈流率 $m_{C_{3}}$	kmol/h	3200	4500
预冷循环	高压压力p₁₂	MPa	1.50	2.50
	制冷压力p₉	MPa	0.20	0.60
	预冷温度T₈	℃	-27.00	-40.00
	C₂H₆流率 $m_{C_{2}}$	kmol/h	15000	18000
	C₃H₈流率 $m_{C_{3}}$	kmol/h	12000	18000
	C₄H₁₀流率 $m_{C_{4}}$	kmol/h	6000	9000

表4 优化前后液化工艺的关键参数对比

Table 4 Comparison of key parameters of liquefaction process before and after optimization

关键参数		单位	优化前	优化后
过冷循环	高压压力p₃₁	MPa	8.46	7.31
	制冷压力p₂₅	MPa	0.41	0.38
	过冷温度T₂₄	℃	-156.00	-156.00
	过热温度T₂₆	℃	-69.93	-74.54
液化循环	高压压力p₁₉	MPa	4.24	4.44
	制冷压力p₁₇	MPa	0.44	0.41
	液化温度T₁₆	℃	-65.50	-71.55
	过热温度T₁₈	℃	-42.01	-41.33
预冷循环	高压压力p₁₂	MPa	2.50	1.78
	制冷压力p₉	MPa	0.57	0.39
	预冷温度T₈	℃	-30.50	-35.35
	过热温度T₁₀	℃	11.96	18.00

表5 优化后的混合制冷剂组成（摩尔分数）及循环量

Table 5 Optimized refrigerant blend composition （mole fraction） and flow rate

冷剂组成及循环量		优化前	优化后
混合制冷剂MR1	循环量/(kmol/)h	42457.92	36717.32
	C₂H₆	0.648638	0.454331
	C₃H₈	0.183213	0.335035
	C₄H₁₀	0.168149	0.210633
混合制冷剂MR2	循环量/(kmol/h)	31114.37	31557.60
	CH₄	0.088813	0.128623
	C₂H₆	0.800945	0.739691
	C₃H₈	0.110242	0.131686
混合制冷剂MR3	循环量/(kmol/h)	47319.36	41168.33
	N₂	0.149387	0.142229
	CH₄	0.479987	0.507300
	C₂H₆	0.370626	0.350471

表6 优化前后工艺比功耗及换热器性能指标

Table 6 Process specific power consumption and heat exchanger performance index before and after optimization

换热器优化变量		单位	优化前	优化后
比功耗	单位质量LNG	kJ/kg	970.99	899.36
预冷换热器E-001	最小传热温差	℃	5.97	3.00
预冷换热器E-001	对数平均温差	℃	12.72	7.65
液化换热器E-002	最小传热温差	℃	3.63	3.00
液化换热器E-002	对数平均温差	℃	7.20	5.47
过冷换热器E-003	最小传热温差	℃	3.20	3.00
过冷换热器E-003	对数平均温差	℃	5.87	4.95

图2 MFC天然气液化工艺优化前后冷热复合曲线

Fig.2 Cold-heat composite curve before and after optimization of MFC natural gas liquefaction process

表7 优化前后MFC液化过程的功耗及有效能

Table 7 Power consumption and effective energy of MFC liquefaction process before and after optimization

单元系统	功耗/kW		物流	有效能/kW
单元系统	优化前	优化后	物流	优化前	优化后
合计	235128.70	217782.94	有效能效率/%	38.17	41.21
预冷循环	58356.77	55419.98	天然气进	156957.83	156957.83
液化循环	59123.69	64217.44	LNG离开	246703.67	246703.67
过冷循环	117648.24	98145.52	有效能变化	89745.84	89745.84

图3 优化前后MFC液化过程各设备及系统的有效能损失对比

Fig.3 Comparison of effective energy loss of each equipment and system in MFC liquefaction process before and after optimization

图4 MFC天然气液化工艺优化前后总的有效能损失对比

Fig.4 Comparison of total effective energy loss before and after optimization of MFC natural gas liquefaction process

表8 优化前后MFC液化过程的经济性分析

Table 8 Economic analysis of MFC liquefaction process before and after optimization

参数	单位	优化前	优化后	差值	变化率	升或降
总资本	USD	164272000	166297000	2025000	1.2327%	上升
公用工程	USD/a	172323000	165778000	-6545000	3.7981%	下降
总运行成本	USD/a	195599000	188585000	-7014000	3.5859%	下降
总设备成本	USD	166219800	168788900	2569100	1.5456%	上升
总安装成本	USD	184817700	187397200	2579500	1.3957%	上升
总投资成本	USD	515309500	522483100	7173600	1.3921%	上升
总生产成本	USD/a	367922000	354363000	-13559000	3.6853%	下降

表9 优化前后CO2排放分析

Table 9 Analysis of CO2 emissions before and after optimization

参数	单位	优化前	优化后	差值	变化率	升或降
冷公用工程	kW	4.269×10⁵	4.095×10⁵	-1.740×10⁴	4.076%	下降
CO₂排放	kg/h	1.718×10⁵	1.648×10⁵	-0.700×10⁴	4.075%	下降

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