中国光伏产业发展及其资源环境影响

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240473

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

双碳目标推动下，中国光伏发电规模不断扩大，因而，光伏器件的全生命周期资源环境影响亟待深刻认识。特别是，随着我国早期光伏设备陆续退役，光伏废弃物的处理和处置问题日渐凸显，已成为中国光伏产业绿色可持续发展的关键挑战。通过分析我国光伏产业的发展现状，深入探讨光伏器件生产过程中的资源能源消耗、污染物排放和环境影响，对光伏废弃物资源化利用和潜在环境影响等方面内容展开论述，综合评估我国光伏产业发展对资源环境的影响，并根据我国现有相关政策法规，对光伏产业的绿色低碳发展提出相关建议。

关键词: 太阳能, 光伏废弃物, 全生命周期, 环境污染, 资源循环, 可持续发展

Abstract:

Driven by the dual carbon goals, photovoltaic power generation in China has experienced a rapid growth. As a result, the life cycle assessment of photovoltaic product on the resource and environmental impact is becoming an urgent work. Moreover, due to the decommission of early photovoltaic products, its treatment and disposal has become a crucial challenge for the green and sustainable development of China's PV sector. Therefore, this review comprehensively discusses and analyzed the resource and energy consumption, the pollutant emission and the environmental implication during the production of solar panels and the recycling of photovoltaic waste. Under the context of current policies and regulations, this review offers several suggestions to the low-carbon and green development for China's PV sector in the near future.

Key words: solar energy, photovoltaic waste, whole life cycle, environmental pollution, resource recycling, sustainable development

中图分类号:

TQ 028.8

袁玲雅, 张滢. 中国光伏产业发展及其资源环境影响[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(S1): 14-24.

Lingya YUAN, Ying ZHANG. The growth of PV sector in China and its implications for the resource and environmental sustainability[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(S1): 14-24.

图/表 6

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生产环节	水电消耗		消耗量
多晶硅	综合电耗		57 kW·h/kg Si
	水耗		0.08 t/kg Si
	蒸汽耗量		9.1 kg/kg Si
硅片	拉棒电耗		23.4 kW·h/kg Si
	铸锭电耗		7.8~8.0 kW·h/kg Si
	切片电耗		800×10⁴ kW·h/片
	水耗		870 t/10⁶片
电池片	电耗	p型PERC	4.5×10⁴ kW·h/MW
		n型TOPCon	5.3×10⁴ kW·h/MW
		n型异质结	4.5×10⁴ kW·h/MW
	水耗	p型PERC	318 t/MW
		n型TOPCon	600 t/MW
		n型异质结	220 t/MW
组件	电耗		1.35×10⁴ kW·h/MW

生产环节	水电消耗		消耗量
多晶硅	综合电耗		57 kW·h/kg Si
	水耗		0.08 t/kg Si
	蒸汽耗量		9.1 kg/kg Si
硅片	拉棒电耗		23.4 kW·h/kg Si
	铸锭电耗		7.8~8.0 kW·h/kg Si
	切片电耗		800×10⁴ kW·h/片
	水耗		870 t/10⁶片
电池片	电耗	p型PERC	4.5×10⁴ kW·h/MW
		n型TOPCon	5.3×10⁴ kW·h/MW
		n型异质结	4.5×10⁴ kW·h/MW
	水耗	p型PERC	318 t/MW
		n型TOPCon	600 t/MW
		n型异质结	220 t/MW
组件	电耗		1.35×10⁴ kW·h/MW

回收方法	原理	优势	劣势	环境影响
物理法	机械剥离金属边框、破碎玻璃	成本低；操作较简单；对环境友好；可以大规模进行	回收率和纯度较低，再处理成本高；不能有效回收重金属；能耗高；机械设备占地面积大	处理后的废液收集与处理难度大
化学法	使用有机或无机溶剂处理层压件	回收率高；回收材料的完整性好	成本较高；反应时间长；回收效率低；存在二次污染，不利于大规模生产	废液量大且难处理，易污染环境
热解法	在加热条件下，软化、剥离或分解EVA层	成本低；回收纯度和回收率较高；玻璃回收完整率高	能耗较高；分离后有EVA残留；电池的完整性不易保证；只能处理厚度大于400 μm的电池片	排放大量废气，包含如铬和铅等金属颗粒以及氟化物

回收方法	原理	优势	劣势	环境影响
物理法	机械剥离金属边框、破碎玻璃	成本低；操作较简单；对环境友好；可以大规模进行	回收率和纯度较低，再处理成本高；不能有效回收重金属；能耗高；机械设备占地面积大	处理后的废液收集与处理难度大
化学法	使用有机或无机溶剂处理层压件	回收率高；回收材料的完整性好	成本较高；反应时间长；回收效率低；存在二次污染，不利于大规模生产	废液量大且难处理，易污染环境
热解法	在加热条件下，软化、剥离或分解EVA层	成本低；回收纯度和回收率较高；玻璃回收完整率高	能耗较高；分离后有EVA残留；电池的完整性不易保证；只能处理厚度大于400 μm的电池片	排放大量废气，包含如铬和铅等金属颗粒以及氟化物

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