光谱分频水基ZnO纳米流体制备及其热电性能调控

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231144

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

制备低成本水基ZnO纳米流体作为分频介质以降低分频式光伏光热（SBS-PV/T）集热器的推广应用成本；优化了其高稳定性制备工艺，实验测试了质量分数、粒径及光程对其光谱透过率的影响，并模拟分析了上述变量对集热器热电性能的调控特性，评估了不同变量对不同评价指标的敏感性。结果表明，六偏磷酸钠作为分散剂，分散比为1∶5，超声处理1.5 h可最大程度增强水基ZnO纳米流体的稳定性；集热器热效率、热电比、综合效率及优值因子均随ZnO纳米颗粒粒径、质量分数及光程的增大而增大，电效率则相反。SBS-PV/T集热器的热电比最易受纳米流体参数变化的影响，平均敏感性系数为0.45；集热器综合性能对纳米流体光程变化最敏感，其对热电效率、热电比及优值因子的敏感性系数分别为0.53、-0.27、0.76及0.09。

关键词: 太阳能, 光伏/光热, 纳米流体, 稳定性, 制备, 光谱分频, 性能模拟

Abstract:

To reduce the popularization and application cost of the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector, using nanofluids as the spectral-beam splitter (SBS), low-cost water-ZnO nanofluid is prepared by the two-step method as the SBS, and its preparation parameters are optimized to enhance its stability, including the dispersant type, dispersion ratio, and ultrasonic duration. On this basis, the effects of mass fraction, nanoparticle size, and optical path on the spectral transmittance of water-ZnO nanofluid are first tested experimentally; secondly, the effects of the above parameters on the regulation performance of heat-to-electricity of the SBS-PV/T collector are simulated and analyzed; finally, the sensitivity of the above parameters to four evaluation indexes is evaluated. The results show that adding sodium hexametaphosphate as a dispersant with the dispersion ratio of 1∶5 and ultrasonic treatment for 1.5 hours can maximize the stability of water-based ZnO nanofluid. Secondly, the mass fraction, particle size, and optical path have a linear influence on the thermal and electric performances of the SBS-PV/T collector; concretely, the photothermal efficiency, heat-to-electric ratio, overall efficiency, and merit function of the SBS-PV/T collector increase with the mass fraction, particle size, and optical path; while the photovoltaic efficiency is the opposite. Of which, the heat-to-electric ratio is most sensitive to the change of nanofluid parameters, with an average sensitivity coefficient of 0.45; on the other hand, the performance of the SBS-PV/T collector is most sensitive to the optical path, and its sensitivity coefficients to photothermal efficiency, photovoltaic efficiency, heat-to-electric ratio, and merit function of the collector are 0.53, -0.27, 0.76, and 0.09, respectively.

Key words: solar energy, photovoltaic/thermal, nanofluid, stability, preparation, spectral-beam splitting, performance simulation

中图分类号:

TK 519

彭梦琦, 张涛, 李茂胜, 施正荣, 蔡靖雍. 光谱分频水基ZnO纳米流体制备及其热电性能调控[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(12): 5027-5037.

Mengqi PENG, Tao ZHANG, Maosheng LI, Zhengrong SHI, Jingyong CAI. Study on preparation and thermoelectric regulation performance of water-ZnO nanofluids for spectral-beam splitting[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(12): 5027-5037.

图/表 13

图1 纳米流体两步法制备过程

Fig.1 Two-step preparation process of nanofluid

表1 仪器及化学试剂信息

Table 1 Information of instruments and chemical reagents

试剂/仪器	厂家	型号/规格
ZnO	阿拉丁	50 nm
分散剂	阿拉丁	—
去离子水	—	—
磁力搅拌器	群安仪器	HS5S
超声处理仪	力辰科技	LC-JY92-IIDN
分光光度计	岛津	3700i DUV

图2 SBS-PV/T集热器示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of SBS-PV/T collector

图3 不添加分散剂、超声处理30 min的水基ZnO纳米流体沉降实验结果

Fig.3 Experimental result of sedimentation of water-ZnO nanofluid with ultrasonic treatment for 30 min and without dispersant

表2 加入不同分散剂的水基ZnO纳米流体和不添加分散剂的乙二醇基ZnO纳米流体沉降实验

Table 2 Experimental results of sedimentation of water-ZnO nanofluids with different dispersants and glycol-ZnO nanofluid without dispersant

时间	实验结果	备注
24 h		均未出现沉淀
48 h		SDS出现沉淀
72 h		CTAB出现沉淀
96 h		乙二醇,SDBS出现沉淀
144 h		GA出现沉淀
360 h		仅SHMP未出现沉淀

图4 不同分散剂价格对比

Fig.4 Price comparison of different dispersants

图5 不同分散比的水基ZnO纳米流体15 d内的不稳定性及光谱特性变化情况

Fig.5 Variations of instability and spectral characteristics of water-ZnO nanofluids with different dispersion ratios within 15 days

图6 不同超声时长的水基ZnO纳米流体15 d内的不稳定性及光谱特性变化情况

Fig.6 Variations of instability and spectral characteristics of water-ZnO nanofluids with different ultrasonic duration within 15 days

图7 不同纳米颗粒质量分数的纳米流体15 d内的平均光学特性及SBS-PV/T集热器性能

Fig.7 Average optical properties and SBS-PV/T collector performance under different mass fractions within 15 days

图8 不同粒径的水基ZnO纳米流体TEM图

Fig.8 TEM images of water-ZnO nanofluids under different particle sizes

图9 不同纳米颗粒粒径的纳米流体15 d内的平均光学特性及SBS-PV/T集热器性能

Fig.9 Average optical properties and SBS-PV/T collector performance under different nanoparticle sizes within 15 days

图10 不同光程的纳米流体光学特性及SBS-PV/T集热器性能

Fig.10 Optical characteristics and SBS-PV/T collector performance under different optical paths

图11 SBS-PV/T集热器性能敏感性分析

Fig.11 Sensitivity analysis of the performance of SBS-PV/T collector

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