正戊醇添加剂强化喷雾冷却传热实验研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240641

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以纯水和低浓度正戊醇-水溶液为工质开展喷雾冷却传热性能实验研究，并探究正戊醇添加剂对喷雾场内冷却工质的液滴Sauter平均直径、液滴数量以及体积通量空间分布特性的影响规律。结果表明少量正戊醇添加剂可显著提高纯水喷雾冷却传热性能，但强化传热效果随着正戊醇浓度的提高呈现先增强后减弱的趋势。相比纯水工质，混合溶液的喷雾液滴数量增加，Sauter平均直径降低，体积通量提高，三者共同作用导致喷雾冷却换热性能的提升。然而，正戊醇较低的比定压热容、热导率和汽化潜热会对换热产生不利影响。在上述强化传热与削弱传热两种机制的共同作用下，实验结果表明体积分数为1.0%的正戊醇-水喷雾冷却传热效果最佳。

关键词: 喷雾冷却, 传热, 正戊醇添加剂, Sauter平均直径, 体积通量, 两相流, 对流

Abstract:

Spray cooling is a promising heat dissipation technique for the thermal management of high-power devices. In the present research, pure water and bi-component mixtures with low concentrations of n-pentanol are adopted as the working fluid to ascertain the additive effect. Spray cooling heat transfer characteristics are experimentally investigated, and the radial distributions of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and droplet number are measured by the particle/droplet imaging analysis (PDIA) system, while the fluid volumetric flux distribution is measured by the self-designed precision mobile experiment bench. The results show that a small amount of n-pentanol additive can significantly improve the heat transfer performance of pure water spray cooling, but the enhanced heat transfer effect first increases and then weakens as the concentration of n-pentanol increases. Measurement shows that the SMD decreases and the droplet number increases monotonously with the n-pentanol volume fraction. The effect of n-pentanol concentration on the fluid volumetric flux is similar to that on the heat transfer coefficient, i.e., the elevation is the most obvious with the 1% (vol) n-pentanol-water mixture. It is speculated that a smaller SMD, a larger droplet number and a higher volumetric flux caused by the n-pentanol additive significantly enhance both convection and phase change heat transfer. However, since the latent heat of evaporation of n-pentanol is much lower than water, as well as the lower volumetric flux with 2.0% (vol) n-pentanol, the heat transfer enhancement effect weakens at a higher n-pentanol concentration, achieving a peak at the n-pentanol concentration of 1.0% (vol).

Key words: spray cooling, heat transfer, n-pentanol additive, Sauter mean diameter, volumetric flux, two-phase flow, convection

中图分类号:

TK 124

陈晗, 蔡畅, 刘红, 尹洪超. 正戊醇添加剂强化喷雾冷却传热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(1): 131-140.

Han CHEN, Chang CAI, Hong LIU, Hongchao YIN. Experimental investigation on spray cooling heat transfer enhancement by n-pentanol additive[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(1): 131-140.

图/表 12

表1 醇类添加剂对喷雾冷却传热性能影响的实验研究汇总

Table 1 Summary of experimental studies on alcohol additive effect on spray cooling heat transfer performance

醇类种类及浓度	文献
混合工质喷雾冷却传热性能低于纯水
10%~90%（摩尔分数）乙醇	[20]
20%~50%（体积分数）甲醇	[21]
25%~87.9%（质量分数）异丙醇^①	[22]
50%（体积分数）丙二醇	[23]
1%~20%（质量分数）乙二醇	[24]
20%~80%（质量分数）乙二醇	[25]
醇类强化喷雾冷却传热性能，并且存在最佳浓度
0.01%~0.07%（质量分数）乙醇^②	[26]
0.01%~0.04%（质量分数）正辛醇、2-乙基己醇	[15]
3%~96%乙醇^③	[27]
2%~10%（体积分数）乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇	[28-29]
0.01%~0.07%（质量分数）乙醇^④	[30]
0.01%~0.05%（质量分数）正庚醇、正辛醇 0.01%~0.05%（质量分数）异辛醇、正癸醇	[31] [31]

图1 喷雾冷却实验系统示意图

Fig.1 Schematic of spray cooling experimental system

表2 主要实验装置信息

Table 2 Detailed information of experimental devices

设备信息	制造厂家	型号	铭牌值
数据采集器	Agilent	34972A	—
直流电源	Keysight Technology	N5769A	0~1500 W
PDIA	LaVision GmbH	LPU550	—
实心喷嘴	Spraying Systems	TG 0.3	—
流量计	Asmik	LFT-MIK-2	2.1~90 L·h^-1
压力传感器	Asmik	MIK-P300	0~0.6 MPa
变频离心泵	Taiwan Sanmiao Pump	SMI 5-6T	0~0.5 MPa
热电偶	Omega	GG-K-30	-200~800℃

图2 加热块及热电偶布置示意图

Fig.2 Schematic of heating block and thermocouple layout

表3 喷雾冷却实验工况

Table 3 Experimental conditions of spray cooling

实验条件	数值
环境温度/℃	30
工质温度/℃	25
喷雾高度/mm	32
喷雾压力/MPa	0.3
体积流量/(L·h^-1)	15.78
喷孔直径/mm	0.51
喷雾锥角/(°)	60

图3 体积通量测量示意图

Fig.3 Schematic of volumetric flux measurement

表4 主要实验参数的不确定度分析

Table 4 Uncertainty analysis of involved parameters

参数	不确定度计算公式	数值
热通量	$\frac{δ_{q}}{q} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{Δ T}}{Δ T})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{Δ x}}{Δ x})}^{2}}$	Max. 4.64%
壁面温度	$\frac{δ_{T_{w}}}{T_{w}} = \frac{1}{T_{w}} \sqrt[]{{(\frac{Δ T_{1 - 2} Δ x_{0 - 2}}{{(Δ x_{1 - 2})}^{2}} δ_{x})}^{2} + δ_{T}^{2} + {(\frac{Δ T_{1 - 2}}{Δ x_{1 - 2}} δ_{x})}^{2} + {(\frac{Δ x_{0 - 2}}{Δ x_{1 - 2}} δ_{T})}^{2}}$	Max. 3.81%
传热系数	$\frac{δ_{h}}{h} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{q}}{q})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{T_{w}}}{T_{w} - T_{f}})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{T_{f}}}{T_{w} - T_{f}})}^{2}}$	Max. 7.16%
体积通量	$\frac{δ_{Q^{″}}}{Q^{″}} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{m}}{m})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{R}}{R})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{t}}{t})}^{2}}$	Max. 6.72%

表4 主要实验参数的不确定度分析

Table 4 Uncertainty analysis of involved parameters

参数	不确定度计算公式	数值
热通量	$\frac{δ_{q}}{q} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{Δ T}}{Δ T})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{Δ x}}{Δ x})}^{2}}$	Max. 4.64%
壁面温度	$\frac{δ_{T_{w}}}{T_{w}} = \frac{1}{T_{w}} \sqrt[]{{(\frac{Δ T_{1 - 2} Δ x_{0 - 2}}{{(Δ x_{1 - 2})}^{2}} δ_{x})}^{2} + δ_{T}^{2} + {(\frac{Δ T_{1 - 2}}{Δ x_{1 - 2}} δ_{x})}^{2} + {(\frac{Δ x_{0 - 2}}{Δ x_{1 - 2}} δ_{T})}^{2}}$	Max. 3.81%
传热系数	$\frac{δ_{h}}{h} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{q}}{q})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{T_{w}}}{T_{w} - T_{f}})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{T_{f}}}{T_{w} - T_{f}})}^{2}}$	Max. 7.16%
体积通量	$\frac{δ_{Q^{″}}}{Q^{″}} = \sqrt[]{{(\frac{δ_{m}}{m})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{R}}{R})}^{2} + {(\frac{δ_{t}}{t})}^{2}}$	Max. 6.72%

图4 不同浓度正戊醇添加剂对喷雾冷却换热性能的影响

Fig.4 Effect of n-pentanol concentration on spray cooling heat transfer performance

图5 不同浓度正戊醇添加剂对喷雾微观特性的影响

Fig.5 Effect of n-pentanol concentration on microscopic spray characteristics

图6 不同浓度正戊醇添加剂对体积通量的影响

Fig.6 Effect of n-pentanol concentration on volumetric flux

图7 加热表面上的平均SMD和平均体积通量

Fig.7 Mean SMD and volumetric flux on the heating surface

表5 室温常压下的冷却工质物性参数

Table 5 Thermophysical properties of working liquids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure

工质	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	μ/(mPa·s)	σ/(mN·m^-1)	c_p /(J·kg^-1·℃^-1)	k/(W·m^-1·℃^-1)	T_sat/℃
纯水	995.0	0.9125	72.74	4184.5	0.6063	100.0
1.0%（体积）正戊醇	993.2	0.9146	43.92	4169.6	0.5999	98.9
2.0%（体积）正戊醇	991.4	0.9167	32.58	4154.8	0.5936	97.9

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