液氢缩比贮箱蒸发特性数值模拟及实验验证

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20180926

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地面缩比贮箱用来模拟箭载液氢贮箱热物理过程及运行特性，包括筒段和壳段，壳段用于支撑筒段。筒段和部分壳段使用泡沫绝热，壳段结构部分裸露在环境中，成为液氢贮箱的主要漏热源。基于计算流体力学方法数值研究了液氢缩比贮箱蒸发特性，构建了基于VOF两相流模型以及Level-set界面跟踪方法的贮箱两相氢流动和相变传热传质数学框架，其中气液界面传质率基于Lee模型计算。框架中的系数、边界条件等作如下考虑：Lee模型中的液化/蒸发系数通过与实验数据对比获得；通过理论分析低温面有/无泡沫保温层的结冰特性，对暴露在环境的泡沫和铝壳表面施加对流换热或常热流边界条件；当贮箱压力达到约2个大气压(0.2 MPa)时，安全阀打开放气保持内部压力不变，基于自定义函数方法模拟阀门开闭实现控制贮箱压力的目的。与实验测量的液位下降速率和气相温度非稳态变化对比表明，构建的数值模型能够较好地模拟液氢贮箱自增压过程的复杂流动、相变传热传质特性。为模拟真实箭载液氢贮箱停放阶段的热物理过程打下基础。

关键词: 氢, 缩比贮箱, 自增压, 相变, CFD

Abstract:

The ground-scale reduction tank is used to simulate the thermophysical process and operating characteristics of the arrow-loaded hydrogen tank, including the barrel section and the shell section which is used to support the barrel section. The barrel section and part of the shell section are insulated by foam, and the shell section structure is exposed in the environment, which becomes the main heat leakage source of the liquid hydrogen tank. Based on the computational fluid dynamics method, the evaporation characteristics of the liquid hydrogen scaled tank were numerically studied. The mathematical framework of two-phase hydrogen flow and phase change heat and mass transfer was constructed based on VOF two-phase flow model and Level-set interface tracking method. The mass transfer rate of the liquid interface is calculated based on the Lee model. The liquefaction/evaporation coefficient in the Lee model was obtained by comparison with the experimental results. By theoretical analysis of the icing characteristics of the low temperature surface with or without foam insulation, convective heat transfer or constant heat flux boundary conditions were applied to the exposed foam and aluminum shell surfaces respectively. When the tank pressure reached about 2 atm (0.2 MPa, absolute), the safety valve was opened and deflated to keep the internal pressure constant. This paper simulates the valve opening and closing based on the custom function method to achieve the purpose of controlling the tank pressure. Compared with the experimentally measured liquid level decline rate and unsteady gas phase temperature change, the constructed numerical model can well simulate the complex flow and phase change heat and mass transfer characteristics of the self-pressurization process in the liquid hydrogen tank, which contributed to the foundation for simulating the thermophysical process during the launch process of the real rocket-loaded liquid hydrogen tank.

Key words: hydrogen, scaled tank, self-pressurization, phase change, CFD

中图分类号:

TB 661

王舜浩, 朱文俐, 胡正根, 周芮, 余柳, 王彬, 张小斌. 液氢缩比贮箱蒸发特性数值模拟及实验验证[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(3): 840-849.

Shunhao WANG, Wenli ZHU, Zhenggen HU, Rui ZHOU, Liu YU, Bin WANG, Xiaobin ZHANG. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of evaporation characteristics of scaled liquid hydrogen tank[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(3): 840-849.

图/表 13

图1 液氢缩比小箱结构示意图

Fig.1 Sketch of liquid hydrogen scaled tank

图2 无绝热层时结冰过程计算示意图

Fig.2 Computation process of icing without insulation

图3 无绝热层时结冰表面漏热率随时间的变化

Fig.3 Heat leakage rate of icing surface without insulation

图4 不同低温时冰层在1000 s的漏热率

Fig.4 Heat leakage rate at 1000 s under different ice temperature

图5 有绝热层时冰厚度随时间的变化

Fig.5 Thickness of ice changing with time with insulation

图6 有绝热层时贮罐壁面漏热随时间的变化

Fig.6 Heat leakage change on tank surface with insulation

图7 液氢缩比小箱网格方案及边界条件

Fig.7 Mesh resolution and boundary conditions of liquid hydrogen scaled tank

图8 不同模型系数模拟的液位与试验对比

Fig.8 Comparison of liquid level change of experiment and simulations with different coefficient

图9 模拟的气相温度与试验对比

Fig.9 Comparison of gas temperature of experiment and simulations

图10 模拟的贮箱气相空间压力随时间变化

Fig.10 Gas pressure change with time in simulations

图11 不同时刻液氢缩比小箱相含量分布

Fig.11 Phase distribution in liquid hydrogen scaled tank at different time

图12 不同时刻液氢缩比小箱内温度分布

Fig.12 Temperature distribution in liquid hydrogen scaled tank at different time

图13 不同时刻缩比小箱内液氢流线分布

Fig.13 Liquid hydrogen streamline distribution at 10 s and 1000 s in scaled tank

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