化工学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (11): 4885-4902.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20200305
杜娇(
),王志(),李旭,王纪孝
收稿日期:2020-03-23
修回日期:2020-06-24
出版日期:2020-11-05
发布日期:2020-11-05
通讯作者:
王志
作者简介:杜娇(1995—)，女，硕士研究生，基金资助:
Jiao DU(),Zhi WANG(),Xu LI,Jixiao WANG
Received:2020-03-23
Revised:2020-06-24
Online:2020-11-05
Published:2020-11-05
Contact:
Zhi WANG
摘要：
反渗透（RO）膜分离技术由于具有高效、低耗和产水水质高等优点，已成为现阶段解决水资源短缺的有效手段。进一步提高RO膜的选择透过性能有利于降低产水成本和提高产水质量，因此制备高选择透过性能的RO膜一直是膜领域研究的重点。从优化界面聚合工艺、优化基膜及开发新型制膜工艺三方面对近年来改善RO膜选择透过性能的研究进行了综述。通过优化界面聚合工艺和开发新型制膜工艺可以直接改变分离层的结构和性质，通过调节基膜的孔径、孔隙率及亲疏水性可以影响分离层的结构，从而改善RO膜的性能。最后对制备高选择透过性能的反渗透膜的研究方向与发展前景进行了总结与展望。
中图分类号:
杜娇,王志,李旭,王纪孝. 优化聚酰胺分离层制备高选择透过性反渗透膜[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(11): 4885-4902.
Jiao DU,Zhi WANG,Xu LI,Jixiao WANG. Optimization of polyamide selective layer for preparation of high permselectivity reverse osmosis membranes[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(11): 4885-4902.
图1 2000—2019年发表的反渗透膜的论文数
Fig.1 The number of papers on reverse osmosis membranes published from 2000 to 2019
| 添加剂的类型 | 优点 | 缺点 | 具体的物质 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 共溶剂 | 增大两相单体的混溶性，促进水相单体在有机相中的扩散，增加反应区单体的浓度，加快自抑制作用的发生，形成薄的分离层，提高膜的通量 | 反应太剧烈，导致形成的分离层的粗糙度增加，混溶性增加，导致酰氯水解，膜交联程度降低，对盐的截留率降低。部分共溶剂与基膜接触时，可能会影响基膜的形态和结构 | 木糖醇[ |
| 表面活性剂 | 降低水相溶液界面张力，使其铺展均匀，增加水相溶液在基膜上的存量，生成完整致密分离层。会在膜表面形成半胶束，使膜表面的电荷性更负，提高负电荷离子的截留率 | 对膜性能的提升幅度有限，需要精确控制表面活性剂浓度，超过其临界胶束浓度会降低膜选择性能 | 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)[ |
| 质子接收剂 | 吸收反应过程中产生的副产物盐酸，促进反应进行，使两相单体的反应更加完全 | 添加过量质子接收剂会促进TMC上的酰氯基团水解，导致分离层的交联度差，盐截留率降低 | NaHCO3[ |
| 亲水性物质 | 增加膜的亲水性，提高膜的透过性能与抗污染性能 | 一些亲水性物质上含有可与单体反应的基团，会破坏两相单体的反应和膜结构，形成有缺陷的分离层，降低盐的截留率 | CaCl2[ |
表1 反渗透膜中常用添加剂的类型及优缺点
Table 1 Types and advantages and disadvantages of commonly used additives in RO membranes
| 添加剂的类型 | 优点 | 缺点 | 具体的物质 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 共溶剂 | 增大两相单体的混溶性，促进水相单体在有机相中的扩散，增加反应区单体的浓度，加快自抑制作用的发生，形成薄的分离层，提高膜的通量 | 反应太剧烈，导致形成的分离层的粗糙度增加，混溶性增加，导致酰氯水解，膜交联程度降低，对盐的截留率降低。部分共溶剂与基膜接触时，可能会影响基膜的形态和结构 | 木糖醇[ |
| 表面活性剂 | 降低水相溶液界面张力，使其铺展均匀，增加水相溶液在基膜上的存量，生成完整致密分离层。会在膜表面形成半胶束，使膜表面的电荷性更负，提高负电荷离子的截留率 | 对膜性能的提升幅度有限，需要精确控制表面活性剂浓度，超过其临界胶束浓度会降低膜选择性能 | 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)[ |
| 质子接收剂 | 吸收反应过程中产生的副产物盐酸，促进反应进行，使两相单体的反应更加完全 | 添加过量质子接收剂会促进TMC上的酰氯基团水解，导致分离层的交联度差，盐截留率降低 | NaHCO3[ |
| 亲水性物质 | 增加膜的亲水性，提高膜的透过性能与抗污染性能 | 一些亲水性物质上含有可与单体反应的基团，会破坏两相单体的反应和膜结构，形成有缺陷的分离层，降低盐的截留率 | CaCl2[ |
| 添加剂的类型 | 具体的材料 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl 截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳基纳米材料 | 氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 17.04 | ≥97 | [ |
| 氧化多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 28.9 | ≥96 | [ | |
| 氧化石墨烯纳米片 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 47.61 | 97 | [ | |
| 还原性氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51 | 99.5 | [ | |
| 氮掺杂的氧化石墨烯量子点 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.9 | 93 | [ | |
| 纳米碳点 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 87.1 | 98.8 | [ | |
| 碳纳米管 | 7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.0 | 96 | [ | |
| 多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16.95 | >96 | [ | |
| 两性离子官能化的碳纳米管 | 24.1 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 34.7 | 98.3 | [ | |
| 水通道蛋白 | AQPZ-DOPC | 5 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 40 | 97.5 | [ |
| AQPZ-DOPC | 10 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 4.1 | 97.2 | [ | |
| AQPZ-DOPC/DOTAP | 4 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 5.5 | 75 | [ | |
| MOF | ZIF-8 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 25.5 | 99.4 | [ |
| MIL-101(Cr) | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 99 | [ | |
| 沸石 | NaY | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 42.72 | 98.8 | [ |
| 等离子处理的天然沸石 | 15 bar,16 g/L NaCl | 39 | 97.12 | [ | |
| NaA沸石 | 13.9 bar,0.37 g/L NaCl | 53 | 97.9 | [ | |
| LTL | 10.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 80.2 | 93,7 | [ | |
| 金属及其氧化物 | ZnO-NH2 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 31.42 | 96.3 | [ |
| CuO | 20.7 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 45.2 | 97.4 | [ | |
| TiO2 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.3 | >97 | [ | |
| ZnO/Al | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 96-98 | [ | |
| 其他 | 纤维素纳米晶体 | 17 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11.44 | 97.8 | [ |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 10 bar,2g/L NaCl | 60 | 96.5 | [ | |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 87 | [ | |
| 埃洛石纳米管 | 20 bar,3 g/L NaCl | 49.6 | 99.1 | [ | |
| NH2-TNTs | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 57.9 | 96.53 | [ | |
| MCM-48 NPs | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 23.04 | 95 | [ | |
| POSS | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98 | [ | |
| 蒙脱石 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51.7 | 99 | [ | |
| 层状氢氧化物 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 41.7 | 99.3 | [ | |
| 聚合物囊泡 | 35 bar,32 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98.9 | [ | |
| 硅纳米颗粒 | 44 bar,11g/L NaCl | 49 | 95 | [ | |
| 两性胶体纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 37.3 | >96.5 | [ |
表2 反渗透膜中常见的纳米材料及用其制备的TFN RO膜的性能
Table 2 Common nanomaterials in reverse osmosis membranes and performance of the TFN RO membranes
| 添加剂的类型 | 具体的材料 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl 截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 碳基纳米材料 | 氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 17.04 | ≥97 | [ |
| 氧化多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 28.9 | ≥96 | [ | |
| 氧化石墨烯纳米片 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 47.61 | 97 | [ | |
| 还原性氧化石墨烯 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51 | 99.5 | [ | |
| 氮掺杂的氧化石墨烯量子点 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.9 | 93 | [ | |
| 纳米碳点 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 87.1 | 98.8 | [ | |
| 碳纳米管 | 7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.0 | 96 | [ | |
| 多壁碳纳米管 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16.95 | >96 | [ | |
| 两性离子官能化的碳纳米管 | 24.1 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 34.7 | 98.3 | [ | |
| 水通道蛋白 | AQPZ-DOPC | 5 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 40 | 97.5 | [ |
| AQPZ-DOPC | 10 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 4.1 | 97.2 | [ | |
| AQPZ-DOPC/DOTAP | 4 bar,0.5 g/L NaCl | 5.5 | 75 | [ | |
| MOF | ZIF-8 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 25.5 | 99.4 | [ |
| MIL-101(Cr) | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 99 | [ | |
| 沸石 | NaY | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 42.72 | 98.8 | [ |
| 等离子处理的天然沸石 | 15 bar,16 g/L NaCl | 39 | 97.12 | [ | |
| NaA沸石 | 13.9 bar,0.37 g/L NaCl | 53 | 97.9 | [ | |
| LTL | 10.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 80.2 | 93,7 | [ | |
| 金属及其氧化物 | ZnO-NH2 | 20.7 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 31.42 | 96.3 | [ |
| CuO | 20.7 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 45.2 | 97.4 | [ | |
| TiO2 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.3 | >97 | [ | |
| ZnO/Al | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 32 | 96-98 | [ | |
| 其他 | 纤维素纳米晶体 | 17 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11.44 | 97.8 | [ |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 10 bar,2g/L NaCl | 60 | 96.5 | [ | |
| SiO2纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 87 | [ | |
| 埃洛石纳米管 | 20 bar,3 g/L NaCl | 49.6 | 99.1 | [ | |
| NH2-TNTs | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 57.9 | 96.53 | [ | |
| MCM-48 NPs | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 23.04 | 95 | [ | |
| POSS | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98 | [ | |
| 蒙脱石 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 51.7 | 99 | [ | |
| 层状氢氧化物 | 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 41.7 | 99.3 | [ | |
| 聚合物囊泡 | 35 bar,32 g/L NaCl | 20 | 98.9 | [ | |
| 硅纳米颗粒 | 44 bar,11g/L NaCl | 49 | 95 | [ | |
| 两性胶体纳米颗粒 | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 37.3 | >96.5 | [ |
| 水相单体 | 油相单体 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2· h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [ |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
| EDBSA | TMC | 12 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 8.5 | 96.8 | [ |
| EDADMBSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 29.45 | 96 | [ |
| DAT | TMC | 35 bar,35 g/L NaCl | 9.3 | 98.3 | [ |
| 18 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 11.4 | 99.54 | [ | ||
| MPD | TMDMA | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 63 | 67 | [ |
| MpMPD | TMC | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.75 | 97.8 | [ |
| MPD | IPC | 55.5 bar,32.8g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| MPD | BCPP | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| PMABSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 18.29 | 98.2 | [ |
| AEPPS | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 54.5 | 98 | [ |
| PPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24 | 91 | [ |
表3 不同单体及其制备反渗透膜的性能
Table 3 Different monomers and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the monomers
| 水相单体 | 油相单体 | 测试条件 | 通量/(L·?m-2· h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [ |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
| EDBSA | TMC | 12 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 8.5 | 96.8 | [ |
| EDADMBSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 29.45 | 96 | [ |
| DAT | TMC | 35 bar,35 g/L NaCl | 9.3 | 98.3 | [ |
| 18 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 11.4 | 99.54 | [ | ||
| MPD | TMDMA | 10 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 63 | 67 | [ |
| MpMPD | TMC | 15 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24.75 | 97.8 | [ |
| MPD | IPC | 55.5 bar,32.8g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 43.7 | 99.7 | [ |
| MPD | BTEC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| MPD | BCPP | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 79 | 99.1 | [ |
| PMABSA | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 18.29 | 98.2 | [ |
| AEPPS | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 54.5 | 98 | [ |
| PPD | TMC | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 24 | 91 | [ |
| 改性方法 | 目的 | 常用的改性剂 | 基膜的变化 | 测试条件及制备反渗透膜的性能 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 添加剂 | 添加剂能分散或者溶解在铸膜液中，并能与聚合物分子或者溶剂相互作用，从而影响形成基膜的孔结构、孔隙率及亲疏水性 | PVP[ | 基膜的孔径、孔隙率和交联程度降低 | 55.2 bar,3.2 g/L NaCl; 30 L·?m-2·h-1,99% |
| TA[ | 增加基膜的孔隙率和孔密度，提高基膜的亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 50 L·?m-2·h-1,99.24% | ||
| CNT[ | 基膜的孔隙率、孔径和亲水性增加，膜表面的电负性更强 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 24 L·?m-2·h-1,96.1% | ||
| GO[ | 提高了基膜的机械强度，降低了膜面的负电荷性，减小了孔隙率，增加了表面积 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 84 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2% | ||
| MOF-HKUST-1 [Cu3(BCT2)][ | 增加了基膜的亲水性、孔数及孔隙率 | 17.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 47 L·?m-2·h-1,96% | ||
| 表面改性 | 包括涂覆、等离子处理、紫外接枝等；表面改性可以改变基膜表面的孔结构、孔数、化学性质及机械强度等，同时不会破坏基膜内部的结构 | PEI/PAA[ | 减小基膜的孔径、孔隙率，增强基膜表面的电负性。 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 8.6~24 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2%~99.4% |
| 氧等离子处理[ | 增加基膜表面的亲水性，处理时间过长会破坏基膜的孔结构 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 27~28 L·?m-2·h-1, ≥99% | ||
| NaOH水解(聚丙烯腈基膜)[ | 基膜表面的亲水性增加，电负性增强 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 13~32 L·?m-2·h-1,99%~99.5% | ||
| 选择性去除 | 在铸膜液中引入纳米颗粒或者聚合物，成膜之后，通过溶解等方式选择性地去除，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率等 | SiO2[ | 基膜的孔隙率和孔密度增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 55 L·?m-2·h-1,91% |
| 选择性溶胀 | 将基膜浸入选择性溶剂中，选择的溶剂与基膜上的聚合物分子有较强的亲和性，使得聚合物链段溶胀；干燥或进行其他处理时，溶剂挥发，聚合物链段收缩成孔，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率 | DMAc[ | 基膜的孔数和孔隙率增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 66 L·?m-2·h-1,99.38% |
表4 基膜的不同改性方法及其制备反渗透膜的性能
Table 4 Different support modification methods and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the modified supports
| 改性方法 | 目的 | 常用的改性剂 | 基膜的变化 | 测试条件及制备反渗透膜的性能 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 添加剂 | 添加剂能分散或者溶解在铸膜液中，并能与聚合物分子或者溶剂相互作用，从而影响形成基膜的孔结构、孔隙率及亲疏水性 | PVP[ | 基膜的孔径、孔隙率和交联程度降低 | 55.2 bar,3.2 g/L NaCl; 30 L·?m-2·h-1,99% |
| TA[ | 增加基膜的孔隙率和孔密度，提高基膜的亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 50 L·?m-2·h-1,99.24% | ||
| CNT[ | 基膜的孔隙率、孔径和亲水性增加，膜表面的电负性更强 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 24 L·?m-2·h-1,96.1% | ||
| GO[ | 提高了基膜的机械强度，降低了膜面的负电荷性，减小了孔隙率，增加了表面积 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 84 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2% | ||
| MOF-HKUST-1 [Cu3(BCT2)][ | 增加了基膜的亲水性、孔数及孔隙率 | 17.2 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 47 L·?m-2·h-1,96% | ||
| 表面改性 | 包括涂覆、等离子处理、紫外接枝等；表面改性可以改变基膜表面的孔结构、孔数、化学性质及机械强度等，同时不会破坏基膜内部的结构 | PEI/PAA[ | 减小基膜的孔径、孔隙率，增强基膜表面的电负性。 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 8.6~24 L·?m-2·h-1,98.2%~99.4% |
| 氧等离子处理[ | 增加基膜表面的亲水性，处理时间过长会破坏基膜的孔结构 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 27~28 L·?m-2·h-1, ≥99% | ||
| NaOH水解(聚丙烯腈基膜)[ | 基膜表面的亲水性增加，电负性增强 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 13~32 L·?m-2·h-1,99%~99.5% | ||
| 选择性去除 | 在铸膜液中引入纳米颗粒或者聚合物，成膜之后，通过溶解等方式选择性地去除，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率等 | SiO2[ | 基膜的孔隙率和孔密度增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 55 L·?m-2·h-1,91% |
| 选择性溶胀 | 将基膜浸入选择性溶剂中，选择的溶剂与基膜上的聚合物分子有较强的亲和性，使得聚合物链段溶胀；干燥或进行其他处理时，溶剂挥发，聚合物链段收缩成孔，从而改变基膜的孔径、孔数及孔隙率 | DMAc[ | 基膜的孔数和孔隙率增加 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; 66 L·?m-2·h-1,99.38% |
| 基膜类型 | 基膜的特点 | RO膜测试条件 | 纯水通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 聚砜(PSF) | 具有较好的机械强度和热稳定性，较宽的pH操作范围；但孔径相对较小、孔隙率较低，耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [21,40, 98-101] |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
聚醚砜(PES) | 高机械强度、高结构极性和柔韧性，耐高温，良好的环境耐受性; 耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 24.2 | 96.1 | [ |
| 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 19.68 | 96 | [ | ||
| 聚丙烯腈(PAN) | 优异耐溶剂性以及高亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20~32 | 95.7~99.4 | [ |
| 聚乙烯(PE) | 孔径分布较均匀，表面孔隙率高，高机械强度和化学稳定性；表面疏水 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 27~28 | >99 | [ |
| 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) | 较好的化学稳定性、热稳定性和较高的机械强度，膜表面较亲水 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 29.8 | 95.3 | [ |
| 聚酰亚胺(XP84) | 易制备，良好的热稳定性和耐溶剂性；易被氯化降解 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.4 | 97.9 | [ |
| 聚醚酰亚胺(XPEI) | 耐高温及较好的结构稳定性、化学稳定性，强度和刚性也较好 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11 | 94.6 | [ |
| 聚氯乙烯(PVC) | 刚性较好，价格低廉，优异力学性能以及良好的热稳定性，耐有机溶剂；表面疏水 | 55 bar,32 g/L NaCl | >27 | <99 | [ |
| 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) | 较好的化学、热和机械稳定性及耐腐蚀性；表面疏水 | 8 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 16.48 | >94 | [ |
表5 不同类型基膜及其制备反渗透膜的性能
Table 5 Different supports and performance of reverse osmosis membranes prepared with the supports
| 基膜类型 | 基膜的特点 | RO膜测试条件 | 纯水通量/(L·?m-2·h-1) | NaCl截留率/% | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 聚砜(PSF) | 具有较好的机械强度和热稳定性，较宽的pH操作范围；但孔径相对较小、孔隙率较低，耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 16~85 | 92~99.6 | [21,40, 98-101] |
| 55.5 bar,32.8 g/L NaCl | 15~65 | 95~99.8 | [ | ||
聚醚砜(PES) | 高机械强度、高结构极性和柔韧性，耐高温，良好的环境耐受性; 耐溶剂、耐酸及耐氯的能力较弱 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 24.2 | 96.1 | [ |
| 16 bar,2 g/L NaCl; | 19.68 | 96 | [ | ||
| 聚丙烯腈(PAN) | 优异耐溶剂性以及高亲水性 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 20~32 | 95.7~99.4 | [ |
| 聚乙烯(PE) | 孔径分布较均匀，表面孔隙率高，高机械强度和化学稳定性；表面疏水 | 15.5 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 27~28 | >99 | [ |
| 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) | 较好的化学稳定性、热稳定性和较高的机械强度，膜表面较亲水 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 29.8 | 95.3 | [ |
| 聚酰亚胺(XP84) | 易制备，良好的热稳定性和耐溶剂性；易被氯化降解 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 6.4 | 97.9 | [ |
| 聚醚酰亚胺(XPEI) | 耐高温及较好的结构稳定性、化学稳定性，强度和刚性也较好 | 20 bar,2 g/L NaCl | 11 | 94.6 | [ |
| 聚氯乙烯(PVC) | 刚性较好，价格低廉，优异力学性能以及良好的热稳定性，耐有机溶剂；表面疏水 | 55 bar,32 g/L NaCl | >27 | <99 | [ |
| 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) | 较好的化学、热和机械稳定性及耐腐蚀性；表面疏水 | 8 bar,1 g/L NaCl | 16.48 | >94 | [ |
图2 静电纺丝制膜过程[154]
Fig.2 The fabrication process of RO membrane via electrospray[154]
图3 无基膜界面聚合制膜过程[155]
Fig.3 The fabrication process of RO membrane via support-free interfacial polymerization[155]
图4 双层沉积制膜过程[122]
Fig.4 The fabrication of RO membrane via dual-layer slot coating[122]
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