Research progress on frost-free air source heat pump technology

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200268

Abstract

Abstract:

Coupling the air dehumidification equipment on the traditional air source heat pump (ASHP) unit to achieve its frost-free continuous high-efficiency and stable operation is conducive to the popularization and application of ASHP in clean heating in low temperature and high humidity areas. Hence, based on the analyses of three types of frosting processes, the principles of various frost-free ASHP technologies were summarized and divided into three categories in the present paper as follows: frost-free ASHP technology with integrated solid desiccant dehumidification, frost-free ASHP technology coupling with liquid desiccant dehumidification, other frost-free ASHP technologies. Then the research status of the first two frost-free ASHP technologies was reviewed, respectively. Finally, the problems and limitations of these frost-free technologies were pointed out, and the research recommendations of various methods and their development priorities under different environmental conditions were given, respectively. Meanwhile, it was suggested that all aspects of researches affecting the investment cost and operation performance of frost free heat pump system should be mainly carried out, and thereby develop the multi-functional frost free ASHP technology with high performance and small regional restrictions in the future.

Key words: heat pump, frost-free, dehumidification, regeneration, heat-source tower, heat and mass transfer

摘要：

在传统空气源热泵（ASHP）机组上耦合空气除湿设备，实现其无霜连续高效稳定运行，有利于ASHP在低温高湿度地区清洁供暖中的推广应用。在对三类结霜过程进行分析的基础上，总结了各种无霜ASHP技术原理，并将其分为三大类：固体除湿型无霜技术、液体除湿型无霜技术和其他无霜技术。重点概括了固体和液体除湿型无霜ASHP技术的研究现状。指出了各种无霜技术存在的问题及局限性并给出了推荐研究和不同环境条件下的发展优先级，提出今后应主导做好影响无霜热泵系统投资成本和运行性能相关的各方面研究，进而开发性能良好且地域限制较小的多功能无霜ASHP技术。

关键词: 热泵, 无霜, 除湿, 再生, 热源塔, 传热传质

CLC Number:

TU 831.6

ZHANG Yi,ZHANG Guanmin,LENG Xueli,QU Xiaohang,TIAN Maocheng. Research progress on frost-free air source heat pump technology[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(12): 5400-5419.

张毅,张冠敏,冷学礼,屈晓航,田茂诚. 无霜空气源热泵技术研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(12): 5400-5419.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Phase diagram of water (a)[6,34-35] and frosting map of ASHP (b)[5]

Fig.2 Classification of various frost-free ASHP technologies

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of a frost-free technology with adsorption bed pre-dehumidification[47]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of a frost-free ASHP water heater system with internal cooling pre-dehumidification[38]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of a novel frost-free ASHP water heater system coupling with thermal storage and dehumidification[49-50]

Fig.6 Exergy loss rates of main components of a frost-free ASHP system coupling with thermal storage and dehumidification[55]

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of a heat pump cycle system coupling with liquid dehumidification and regeneration cycle[57-58]

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of a hybrid frost-free ASHP system[59]

Fig.9 A frost-free ASHP system coupling with air pre-dehumidification and waste heat recovery regeneration[18]

Fig.10 A new frost-free air source heat pump system with air pretreatment[61-63]

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of three heat-source tower heat pump systems

系统	开式系统	闭式系统	改进系统
优点	气液直接接触换热效率高；结构简单、造价低	多数液体走管内，液体不会漂失；喷淋液冰点稳定	气液直接接触换热效率高；管内液体不会漂失；冬季冰点稳定
缺点	液体漂失严重；冬季溶液冰点不稳定；再生装置体积大	气液间接换热效率低；喷淋液存在少量漂失问题	针对三种不同的复合式或改进型系统缺点不一致，详见文献^[66]

Fig.11 Schematic diagram of an open-type heat-source tower heat pump system

Fig.12 A waste heat recovery system coupling with cooling tower (open-type heat-source tower) and heat pump unit[79]

Table 2 Correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients between gas and liquid in open-type heat-source tower

文献	传热传质关联式	注释
Wen 等^[85]	$h c = 6.29 × 10 - 2 × G a 0.6177 G s 0.5605 T a 0.0106 T s 0.0034 h d = h c c p × L e - 23 L e = 0 . 866 2 / 3 d w + 0.622 d a + 0.622 - 1 l n d w + 0.622 d a + 0.622 - 1$	200 m³/h≤G_a≤650 m³/h,2 kg/min≤G_s≤6.5 kg/min,7℃≤T_a≤17℃,-2.5℃≤T_s≤11℃
刘成兴等^[86]	$h d = 1.1 G s A 0.65 G a A 0.55 h c = h d × c p × L e L e = 1.06$	G_s=0.6 kg/s, G_a=2.4 kg/s
Cui等^[87]	$N u = 2 + 0.6 R e 0.5 P r 0.33 S h = 2 + 0.6 R e 0.5 S c 0.33$
Huang等^[88,89]	$h c = 4.7600 × G s 0.4289 G a 0.8678, ????? R 2 = 0.955 h d = 4.8264 × G s 0.4298 G a 0.8646, ????? R 2 = 0.954 0.91 ≤ L e ≤ 1.12$	2.32 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.30 kg/(m²·s)， 1.43 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.31 kg/(m²·s)
Huang等^[90]	$h c = 4.5160 × G s 0.74215 G a 0.58712, ????? R 2 = 0.955 h d = 4.4328 × G s 0.73793 G a 0.61805, ????? R 2 = 0.954 0.91 ≤ L e ≤ 1.12$	2.42 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.44 kg/(m²·s),1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.27 kg/(m²·s)
Lu等^[91]	$h c i = 0.0488 D + 3.676 L × B × D 0.5 G d a + G d a d s i 1.2 + G s i 1130 0.5 h m i = 2.754 × 10 - 6 h c i T a i + 273.15 d s i = 0.622 × 10 10.055 - 1668.374 / T s i + 228.043 101325 - 10 10.055 - 1668.374 / T s i + 228.043$	L=5000 mm,B=3300 mm,D=30 mm
Huang等^[92]	$h c = λ a 2.0 + 0.6 R e 1 / 2 P r 1 / 3 / D h d = h c ρ a c p L e - 23 L e = S c / P r R e = G s 2 ρ s 2 L × B 2 + G d a + G d a d s 2 ρ a 2 L × H 2 1 / 2 D v$	D=20 mm,L=1960 mm, B=1200 mm,H=580 mm, 0.6≤Pr≤100， 0.6≤Sc≤2500
Su等^[27]	$h c = 1.2971 × G s - 0.5122 G a 2.3414 h d = 2.2596 × χ s - 0.5818 G s - 0.31952 G a 1.1016 0.82 ≤ L e ≤ 1.24$	1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.22 kg/(m²·s)， 1.89 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤4.40 kg/(m²·s)， 23.6%≤χ≤35%
Liu等^[16]	$h d = 0.97 R e 0.6 S c 1.5 E r 0.43 a t D G h c = h d × c p × L e - 23 L e = 0 . 866 - 23 0.622 + d s 0.622 + d a - 1 - 1 l n 0.622 + d s 0.622 + d a$

Table 2 Correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients between gas and liquid in open-type heat-source tower

文献	传热传质关联式	注释
Wen 等^[85]	$h c = 6.29 × 10 - 2 × G a 0.6177 G s 0.5605 T a 0.0106 T s 0.0034 h d = h c c p × L e - 23 L e = 0 . 866 2 / 3 d w + 0.622 d a + 0.622 - 1 l n d w + 0.622 d a + 0.622 - 1$	200 m³/h≤G_a≤650 m³/h,2 kg/min≤G_s≤6.5 kg/min,7℃≤T_a≤17℃,-2.5℃≤T_s≤11℃
刘成兴等^[86]	$h d = 1.1 G s A 0.65 G a A 0.55 h c = h d × c p × L e L e = 1.06$	G_s=0.6 kg/s, G_a=2.4 kg/s
Cui等^[87]	$N u = 2 + 0.6 R e 0.5 P r 0.33 S h = 2 + 0.6 R e 0.5 S c 0.33$
Huang等^[88,89]	$h c = 4.7600 × G s 0.4289 G a 0.8678, ????? R 2 = 0.955 h d = 4.8264 × G s 0.4298 G a 0.8646, ????? R 2 = 0.954 0.91 ≤ L e ≤ 1.12$	2.32 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.30 kg/(m²·s)， 1.43 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.31 kg/(m²·s)
Huang等^[90]	$h c = 4.5160 × G s 0.74215 G a 0.58712, ????? R 2 = 0.955 h d = 4.4328 × G s 0.73793 G a 0.61805, ????? R 2 = 0.954 0.91 ≤ L e ≤ 1.12$	2.42 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.44 kg/(m²·s),1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤3.27 kg/(m²·s)
Lu等^[91]	$h c i = 0.0488 D + 3.676 L × B × D 0.5 G d a + G d a d s i 1.2 + G s i 1130 0.5 h m i = 2.754 × 10 - 6 h c i T a i + 273.15 d s i = 0.622 × 10 10.055 - 1668.374 / T s i + 228.043 101325 - 10 10.055 - 1668.374 / T s i + 228.043$	L=5000 mm,B=3300 mm,D=30 mm
Huang等^[92]	$h c = λ a 2.0 + 0.6 R e 1 / 2 P r 1 / 3 / D h d = h c ρ a c p L e - 23 L e = S c / P r R e = G s 2 ρ s 2 L × B 2 + G d a + G d a d s 2 ρ a 2 L × H 2 1 / 2 D v$	D=20 mm,L=1960 mm, B=1200 mm,H=580 mm, 0.6≤Pr≤100， 0.6≤Sc≤2500
Su等^[27]	$h c = 1.2971 × G s - 0.5122 G a 2.3414 h d = 2.2596 × χ s - 0.5818 G s - 0.31952 G a 1.1016 0.82 ≤ L e ≤ 1.24$	1.45 kg/(m²·s)≤G_s≤4.22 kg/(m²·s)， 1.89 kg/(m²·s)≤G_a≤4.40 kg/(m²·s)， 23.6%≤χ≤35%
Liu等^[16]	$h d = 0.97 R e 0.6 S c 1.5 E r 0.43 a t D G h c = h d × c p × L e - 23 L e = 0 . 866 - 23 0.622 + d s 0.622 + d a - 1 - 1 l n 0.622 + d s 0.622 + d a$

Fig.13 Schematic diagram of a closed-type heat source tower heat pump system

Fig.14 Structure diagram of three kinds of improved heat source tower[31,114-116]

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