Numerical study on heat transfer of dry ice sublimation spray cooling on the surface of micro-ribbed plate

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231121

Abstract

Abstract:

Aiming at the temperature control problem of highly integrated and micro-modular electronic components with high heat load, based on CFD two-phase solver, the heat transfer characteristics of dry ice sublimation spray cooling on the surface of micro-ribbed plate were studied by numerical experiments. The results show that the temperature, heat transfer coefficient and cooling heat flux on the surface of micro-ribbed plate and the upper surface of heat source are basically annular distribution. The closer to the center, the more dry ice particles, the lower the temperature and the higher the cooling performance. The center temperature on the center line of the upper surface of the heat source is the lowest, and its cooling heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are M-shaped. When the inlet velocity of the nozzle and the proportion of dry ice increase, the heat transfer coefficient and cooling heat flux on the surface of the simulated heat source also increase, while the temperature decreases as a whole. The optimal cooling heat flux of 170 W/cm² and the optimal heat transfer coefficient of 12500 W/(m²·K) were obtained when the nozzle inlet speed was 20 m/s and the dry ice ratio was 40%.

Key words: spray phase change cooling, dry ice sublimation, heat transfer, numerical simulation, cooling performance

摘要：

针对高度集成化和微型模块化高热载荷电子元器件温度控制问题，基于CFD两相求解器，采用数值实验研究了微肋板表面干冰升华喷雾冷却传热特性。结果表明微肋板表面和热源上表面的温度、传热系数、冷却热通量基本呈环形分布，越靠近中心干冰颗粒越多，温度越低，冷却性能越高。热源上表面中心线上中心温度最低，并且其冷却热通量和传热系数呈M形分布。当喷嘴入口速度和干冰占比增大时，模拟热源表面的传热系数和冷却热通量也随之增大，而温度则整体降低。在喷嘴入口速度为20 m/s，干冰占比为40%时得到相对最优的冷却热通量170 W/cm²和相对最优的传热系数12500 W/（m²·K）。

关键词: 喷雾相变冷却, 干冰升华, 传热, 数值模拟, 冷却性能

CLC Number:

TK 124

Yifei LI, Xinyu DONG, Weishu WANG, Lu LIU, Yifan ZHAO. Numerical study on heat transfer of dry ice sublimation spray cooling on the surface of micro-ribbed plate[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 1830-1842.

李怡菲, 董新宇, 王为术, 刘璐, 赵一璠. 微肋板表面干冰升华喷雾冷却传热数值模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(5): 1830-1842.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Comparison of heat exchange and cooling methods

Fig.2 Carbon dioxide three-phase diagram

Fig.3 Cooling mechanism of dry ice sublimation spray

Fig.4 Physical model of dry ice sublimation spray cooling on the surface of micro-ribbed plate

Fig.5 Grid division model

Fig.6 Grid verification

Fig.7 Model validation

Fig.8 Turbulence model and sensitivity verification

Table 1 Material parameter settings

材料参数	CO₂	干冰	铜（模拟热源）	保温材料
密度/（kg/m³）	1.7878	1562	8978	1818
热导率/（W/（m·K））	0.0145	0.086	387.6	0.288
比热容/（J/（kg·K））	$c p (t)$	54.55	381	800

Table 1 Material parameter settings

材料参数	CO₂	干冰	铜（模拟热源）	保温材料
密度/（kg/m³）	1.7878	1562	8978	1818
热导率/（W/（m·K））	0.0145	0.086	387.6	0.288
比热容/（J/（kg·K））	$c p (t)$	54.55	381	800

Fig.9 Cloud, vector, and schematic diagrams of dry ice spray velocity

Fig.10 Distribution laws of temperature, cooling heat flux and heat transfer coefficient on heat source upper surface under different injection conditions

Fig.11 Distribution of upper surface temperature, cooling heat flux and heat transfer coefficient on micro-ribbed plate under different injection conditions

Fig.12 Temperature distribution law on the center line of heat source under different injection conditions

Fig.13 Changes in average surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient on simulated heat source micro-ribbed plates under different nozzle inlet flow rates

Fig.14 Changes in average surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient on simulated heat source micro-ribbed plates

References 36

1	王军. 阵列喷雾冷却换热特性及表面温度均匀性实验研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016.
	Wang J. Experimental research on heat transfer performance and surface temperature uniformity in array spray cooling[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016.
2	袁修干. 高性能军用机环境控制系统研究发展趋势的探讨[J]. 航空学报, 1999, 20(S1): 2-4.
	Yuan X G. Discussion on the research and development trend of high performance military aircraft environmental control system[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 1999, 20(S1): 2-4.
3	Rvbicki J R, Mudawar I. Single-phase and two-phase cooling characteristics of upward-facing and downward-facing sprays[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2006, 49(1-2): 5-16.
4	孙少鹏. 高热通量电子元件喷雾相变冷却系统的研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2010.
	Sun S P. Research on spray cooling system for electronics with high heat flux[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2010.
5	周乐平, 唐大为, 杜小泽, 等. 大功率激光武器及其冷却系统[J]. 激光武器, 2007, 44 (8): 34-38.
	Zhou L P, Tang D W, Du X Z, et al. High-power laser weapon and its cooling system[J]. Laser Weapon, 2007, 44(8): 34-38.
6	Paris M R, Chow L C, Mathefdey E T. Surface roughness and its effects on the heat transfer mechanism in spray cooling[J]. Experiment Heat Transfer, 1992(114): 211-219.
7	Visaria M, Mudawar I. Application of two-phase spray cooling for thermal management of electronic devices[C]//2008 11th Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems. Orlando, FL, USA. IEEE, 2008: 275-283.
8	姚寿广, 马哲树, 罗林, 等. 电子电器设备中高效热管散热技术的研究现状及发展[J]. 华东船舶工业学院学报(自然科学版), 2003, 17(4): 9-12.
	Yao S G, Ma Z S, Luo L, et al. Improvement of heat pipe technique for high heat flux electronics cooling[J]. Journal of East China Shipbuilding Institute (Natural Science Edition), 2003, 17(4): 9-12.
9	纪绍斌, 李生生. 热管技术的应用与发展[J]. 山西建筑, 2005, 31(13): 140-141.
	Ji S B, Li S S. Application and development of heat pipes[J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2005, 31(13): 140-141.
10	Thiangtham P, Keepaiboon C, Kiatpachai P, et al. An experimental study on two-phase flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics during boiling of R134a flowing through a multi-microchannel heat sink[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 98: 390-400.
11	亓帅兵, 谢雪松, 郭海霞, 等. 基于微通道相变散热器的热控系统研究[J]. 电子设计工程, 2019, 27(18): 1-5.
	Qi S B, Xie X S, Guo H X, et al. Research on thermal control system based on microchannel phase change radiator[J]. Electronic Design Engineering, 2019, 27(18): 1-5.
12	季爱林, 钟剑锋, 帅立国. 大热通量电子设备的散热方法[J]. 电子机械工程, 2013, 29(6): 30-35.
	Ji A L, Zhong J F, Shuai L G. Cooling measures of high flux electronic equipment[J]. Electro-Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 29(6): 30-35.
13	Smakulski P, Pietrowicz S. A review of the capabilities of high heat flux removal by porous materials, microchannels and spray cooling techniques[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 104: 636-646.
14	Tuckerman D B, Pease R F W. High-performance heat sinking for VLSI[J]. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 1981, 2(5): 126-129.
15	刘一兵, 黄新民, 刘安宁, 等. 基于电子散热新技术的研究[J]. 低温与超导, 2008, 36(3): 54-57, 61.
	Liu Y B, Huang X M, Liu A N, et al. Research based on new heat release technology of electron[J]. Cryogenics and Superconductivity, 2008, 36(3): 54-57, 61.
16	余勇胜. 氨喷雾相变冷却传热特性研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2011.
	Yu Y S. Performance and heat transfer characteristics of evaporative spray cooling with ammonia[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2011.
17	Bostanci H, Saarloos B A, Rini D P, et al. Spray cooling with ammonia on micro-structured surfaces[C]//2008 11th Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems. Orlando, FL, USA: IEEE, 2008: 290-295.
18	Yang J, Chow L C, Pais M R. Nucleate boiling heat transfer in spray cooling[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118(3): 668-671.
19	Mudawar I, Estes K A. Optimizing and predicting CHF in spray cooling of a square surface[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1996, 118(3): 672-679.
20	Lin L C, Ponnappan R. Heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling in a closed loop[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003, 46(20): 3737-3746.
21	Pais M, Tilton D, Chow L, et al. High-heat-flux, low-superheat evaporative spray cooling[C]//Proceedings of the 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reno, NV, USA. Reston, Virigina: AIAA, 1989: AIAA1989-241.
22	Chow L, Mahefkey E. High power density evaporative cooling[C]//Proceedings of the 22nd Thermophysics Conference. Honolulu, HI, USA. Reston, Virigina: AIAA, 1987: AIAA1987-1536.
23	Hsieh C C, Yao S C. Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of a water spray on micro-structured silicon surfaces[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2006, 49(5/6): 962-974.
24	Silk E A. Investigation of enhanced surface spray cooling[D]. Park: University of Maryland, 2006.
25	Mudawar I. Assessment of high-heat-flux thermal management schemes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 2001, 24(2): 122-141.
26	Mudawar I, Bowers M B. Ultra-high critical heat flux (CHF) for subcooled water flow boiling (Ⅰ): CHF data and parametric effects for small diameter tubes[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1999, 42(8): 1405-1428.
27	Qiu Y H, Liu Z H. Critical heat flux of steady boiling for saturated liquids jet impinging on the stagnation zone[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005, 48(21/22): 4590-4597.
28	周年勇, 冯浩, 许泓烨, 等. R134a闭式喷雾冷却传热性能实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2021, 42(3): 152-158.
	Zhou N Y, Feng H, Xu H Y, et al. Experimental study on heat transfer performance of closed-loop spray cooling using R134a[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 42(3): 152-158.
29	Kim D, Lee J. Experimental investigation of CO₂ dry-ice assisted jet impingement cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 107: 927-935.
30	Panão M R O, Costa J J, Bernardo M R F. Thermal assessment of sublimation cooling with dry-ice sprays[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 118: 518-526.
31	Li J X, Li Y Z, Li E H, et al. Experimental investigation of spray-sublimation cooling system with CO₂ dry-ice particles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 174: 115285.
32	Coursey J S, Kim J, Kiger K T. Spray cooling of high aspect ratio open microchannels[C]//Thermal and Thermomechanical Proceedings 10th Intersociety Conference on Phenomena in Electronics Systems. San Diego, 2006: 188-195.
33	Pautsch A, Shedd T. Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays. Part I: Heat transfer data using FC-72[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005, 48(15): 3167-3175.
34	Shedd T, Pautsch A. Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays (Part Ⅱ): Visualization and empirical models[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005, 48(15): 3176-3184.
35	Estes K A, Mudawar I. Correlation of sauter mean diameter and critical heat flux for spray cooling of small surfaces[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1995, 38(16): 2985-2996.
36	Visaria M, Mudawar I. A systematic approachto predicting critical heat flux for inclined sprays[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2007, 129(4): 452-459.

[1]	Jing LI, Fangfang ZHANG, Shuaishuai WANG, Jianhua XU, Pengyuan ZHANG. Effect of cavity structure on flammability limit of n-butane partially premixed flame [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 2081-2090.
[2]	Lei XIE, Yongsheng XU, Mei LIN. Comparative study on single-phase flow and heat transfer of different cross-section rib-soft tail structures [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 1787-1801.
[3]	Chaoyang GUAN, Guoqing HUANG, Yinan ZHANG, Hongxia CHEN, Xiaoze DU. Experimental study on enhancement of flow boiling through degassing with copper foam [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 1765-1776.
[4]	Wenya WANG, Wei ZHANG, Xiaoling LOU, Ruofei ZHONG, Bingbing CHEN, Junxian YUN. Multi-microtubes formation and simulation of nanocellulose-embedded cryogel microspheres [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 2060-2071.
[5]	Juan LI, Yaowen CAO, Zhangyu ZHU, Lei SHI, Jia LI. Numerical study and structural optimization of microchannel flow and heat transfer characteristics of bionic homocercal fin microchannels [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 1802-1815.
[6]	Jinshan WANG, Shixue WANG, Yu ZHU. Influence of cooling surface temperature difference on the high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell performance [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 2026-2035.
[7]	Fan LIU, Yuantong ZHANG, Cheng TAO, Chengyu HU, Xiaoping YANG, Jinjia WEI. Performance of manifold microchannel liquid cooling [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(5): 1777-1786.
[8]	Jinpeng ZHAO, Yongmin ZHANG, Bin LAN, Jiewen LUO, Bidan ZHAO, Junwu WANG. Model development and validation of structural two-fluid model for heat transfer in a gas-solid bubbling fluidized bed [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1497-1507.
[9]	Xiaoying JI, Yuan ZHENG, Xiaopeng LI, Zhen YANG, Wei ZHANG, Shirui QIU, Qianying ZHANG, Canghai LUO, Dongpeng SUN, Dong CHEN, Dongliang LI. Controlled preparation of droplets, particles and capsules by microfluidics and their applications [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1455-1468.
[10]	Shiliang GU, Boren TAN, Quanzhong CHENG, Weijie YAO, Zhipeng DONG, Feng XU, Yong WANG. Numerical simulation of hydraulic characteristics in axial flow pump type mixer [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 815-822.
[11]	Baiping XU, Ruifeng LIANG, Huiwen YU, Guiqun WU, Shuping XIAO. Simulation of intra-cavity distribution mixing under the action of enhanced triangular rotor of twin-screw extruder [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 858-866.
[12]	Zhicheng DENG, Shifeng XU, Qidong WANG, Jiarui WANG, Simin WANG. Process and energy consumption analysis of high salt and high COD wastewater treatment by submerged combustion [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(3): 1000-1008.
[13]	Nan TU, Xiaoqun LIU, Chiyu WANG, Jiabin FANG. Study on adaptability of scaling law to residence time distribution in bubbling fluidized beds with continuous operation [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(2): 543-552.
[14]	Yizhou CUI, Chengxiang LI, Linxiao ZHAI, Shuyu LIU, Xiaogang SHI, Jinsen GAO, Xingying LAN. Comparative study on the flow and mass transfer characteristics of sub-millimeter bubbles and conventional bubbles in gas-liquid two-phase flow [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 197-210.
[15]	Yao ZHOU, Xiaoping YANG, Yicheng NI, Jiping LIU, Jinjia WEI, Junjie YAN. Numerical simulation of two-phase steam ejector applied in novel loop heat pipe [J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 268-278.