The research progress of atomic-scale molybdenum-based hydrodesulfurization catalysts in hydrodesulfurization reactions was discussed in depth. Emphasis is placed on the influence of the microstructures of MoS₂ and Co(Ni)MoS on catalytic performance, as well as the effects of active hydrogen atom generation and sulfurization conditions on catalyst morphology and activity. The correlation between different types of MoS₂ and Co(Ni)MoS edge morphology and hydrodesulfurization performance was discussed, with particular emphasis on the crucial role of S—H groups at the edges of MoS₂ during the reaction. Furthermore, a detailed examination of the adsorption mode of thiophene molecules on the catalyst sites provided valuable clues to the hydrodesulfurization mechanism of thiophene. Finally, the significance of the surface hydrogen spillover effect on the Al₂O₃ support was underscored. By controlling the interaction between hydroxyl groups on the alumina support's surface and molybdate ions, the catalytic activity is enhanced. In conclusion, the research findings highlight the pivotal role of microstructures in catalytic activity, offering promising support for enhancing the industrial hydrodesulfurization reaction rate while contributing significantly to environmental protection.

Photo-assisted Li-CO₂ batteries have the characteristics of high theoretical energy density and environmental friendliness, which are important development direction for the next generation of high specific energy battery systems. However, the CO₂ reduction/evolution reaction at the positive electrode has problems such as slow kinetics, which limits the development of Li-CO₂ batteries. Photo-assisted technology utilizes the photocatalyst loaded on the positive electrode to absorb light energy, generate electrons and holes to drive chemical reactions, which is beneficial for improving battery performance. This review summarizes the photochemical principles and charge-discharge reaction mechanism of photo-assisted Li-CO₂ batteries, lists design strategies and specific examples of cathode photocatalysts. The impact of photocatalyst structure on battery performance is further understood through in-depth exploration of the photocatalytic reaction mechanism of Li-CO₂ batteries. In addition, the basic understanding of photo-assisted Li-CO₂ batteries, current challenges, and prospects for the development of photocatalysts were discussed, providing an important reference for technical research in the field of new energy materials and helps to promote the practical process of Li-CO₂ batteries.

As an efficient heat exchange method, flow boiling is widely used in the cooling of high heat flow equipment. An independent porous hydrophobic structure designed in the flow boiling can promote the boiling bubble's departure and provide a new method to enhance the boiling heat transfer. Under various conditions including the inlet temperatures of liquid at 70, 75, and 80 ℃, flow velocity of 6.94, 10.42, and 13.89 cm/s, the flow pattern changes, the bubble suction process into copper foam and its effect on heat transfer performance were monitored. Based on the force analysis of boiling bubbles, the enhancement mechanism of superhydrophobic foam was obtained. As a result, the wall superheat decreases by 20.7% at high heat flux, and the heat flux is improved to 152% when the degassing rate of copper foam reaches 0.81 during experiments. The inlet flow velocity shows an obvious effect on the degassing process and heat transfer enhancement performance, while, the effect of inlet temperature can be ignored.

As advancements in information technology progress, chip development is moving towards large-area, high-power configurations, posing significant challenges in heat management. Microchannel liquid cooling has emerged as a viable solution to address the thermal management difficulties associated with high-power chips. Microchannel liquid cooling has emerged as a solution to address the thermal management difficulties associated with high-power chips. However, traditional straight microchannels suffer from high flow resistance and poor temperature uniformity. This paper introduces a novel manifold microchannel heat sink by incorporating a manifold inlet/outlet liquid structure, distributed jet impingement, and micro-pin fins. Under conditions where the average heat flux density exceeds 330 W/cm² and the total power reaches 2500 W, the chip’s average temperature remains below 70℃, indicating that high efficiency cooling is achieved. Through numerical simulation, it is found that increasing the height of the jet impingement chamber leads to a significantly increase in heat transfer coefficient, albeit at the expense of an obvious increase in overall pressure drop. An optimum height of the jet impingement chamber is thereby identified. The dimensions of the micro-pin fins on the base plate, along with their relative proportions to the size of jet impingement chamber, emerge as critical structural parameters for the proposed microchannel heat sink. The presence of micro-pin fins does not uniformly contribute to heat transfer enhancement. A dimensionless parameter, micro-pin fin ratio, is introduced to signify the relative height between the micro-pin fins and the jet impingement chamber. A critical micro-pin fin ratio is realized by balancing the obstructing and enhancing effects. When the proportion of fins is higher than this critical value, the effect of enhanced heat transfer can be achieved. This study provides valuable guidance for the systematic design of the novel microchannel heat sink.

Enhanced heat transfer technique using vortex-induced vibration is an effective way to realize the cooling of heat exchange equipment. In this paper, based on the arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) algorithm, the two-way fluid-structure-interaction and heat transfer problem in the channel of rib-soft tail structure with different Reynolds numbers, different cross-sectional shapes, and different length-to-diameter ratios is investigated by using numerical simulations with dynamic mesh and overset mesh technique, and the main research objects are the flow and heat transfer characteristics around the rib-soft tail structure, the heat transfer characteristics of the ribbed heated wall, and the integrated flow and heat transfer capacity of the whole channel. The simulation working conditions are: Reynolds number Re = 200, 275, 351; rib cross-sectional shapes: circular and square; length-to-diameter ratio k = 2, 3, 4. The results show that, at Reynolds number Re = 275, the flow-heat transfer capability of the rib-soft tail structure with circular cross-section is better than that of the structure with square cross-section, and the rib-soft tail structure with circular cross-section is optimal when the length-to-diameter ratio k = 3; and the local heat transfer capacity around the rib is better for square cross-section structure than for circular ones. With the increase of Reynolds number at the length-to-diameter ratio k = 3, the combined flow-heat transfer capacity of rib-soft tail structure with different cross-sections increases gradually. Moreover, the integrated flow heat transfer capacity of circular cross-section with high Reynolds number and high length-to-diameter ratio is the best. Comparing the flow-heat transfer capacity with a rib structure without soft tail, for the circular cross-section rib structure, the integrated heat transfer capacity increases by 19.46% after adding the soft tail structure, whereas for the square cross-section rib, the capacity decreases slightly after adding the soft-tail. This provides a theoretical basis for studying the cooling design of heat exchange equipment.

Motivated by the vital role of fish tail fins in fluid flow, microchannel with homocercal fin is designed. Three key structural parameters are identified: the relative length of the tail fin depression along its major axis D_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}, the relative width of the tail fin b_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}} and the angle determining the maximum height of the fin {\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}. The effects of structural parameters on average friction coefficient, average Nusselt number, overall performance factor, thermal resistance, and pump power of the bionic microchannel are analyzed numerically. The optimal solution to the structural parameters of the conformal caudal fin was obtained through uniform test analysis, regression fitting and genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization. The results show that the overall performance factor of the bionic homocercal fin microchannel ranges from 1.74 to 1.89, indicating significantly better comprehensive heat transfer performance compared to the rectangular smooth channel. Increasing the relative length D_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}} and angle {\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}} and decreasing width b_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}} improves the microchannel’s heat transfer performance, with the relative length D_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}} and the angle {\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}} having the greatest influence. Optimal microchannel performance is achieved when the structural parameters are D_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}=0.476, b_{\mathrm{t}}/W_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}=0.135, and {\alpha }_{\mathrm{t}}=146.96°.

In addressing the issue of larger and unevenly distributed bubble sizes within the impeller during the preparation of microbubbles using a centrifugal pump, this study investigates the impact of different inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF) and rotational speeds on the diameter and distribution of bubbles within the impeller. The Euler-Euler non-uniform two-fluid model is coupled with the population balance model (PBM) to solve the rotating two-phase flow field within the impeller of the centrifugal pump. Additionally, vortex identification methods and the Luo fragmentation and coalescence model are employed to analyze the distribution patterns of bubbles within the impeller. The results indicate the following: ① Vortices near the leading edge and the suction side of the blades cause gas accumulation, causing the local gas content in the flow channel to increase, where the bubble merger effect dominates. ② When the flow rate and rotational speed are constant, as the IGVF increases, the turbulence intensity in the flow channel increases, and the vortex moves backward, causing the gas phase accumulation area to also extend backward. The region of high local gas content on the suction surface significantly surpasses that on the pressure surface. Consequently, the bubble merging behavior on the suction surface becomes more pronounced, resulting in larger bubble diameters. ③ When the IGVF and flow rate are constant, increasing the rotation speed in a small range can enhance the bubble crushing effect and obtain smaller diameter bubbles.

Aiming at the temperature control problem of highly integrated and micro-modular electronic components with high heat load, based on CFD two-phase solver, the heat transfer characteristics of dry ice sublimation spray cooling on the surface of micro-ribbed plate were studied by numerical experiments. The results show that the temperature, heat transfer coefficient and cooling heat flux on the surface of micro-ribbed plate and the upper surface of heat source are basically annular distribution. The closer to the center, the more dry ice particles, the lower the temperature and the higher the cooling performance. The center temperature on the center line of the upper surface of the heat source is the lowest, and its cooling heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are M-shaped. When the inlet velocity of the nozzle and the proportion of dry ice increase, the heat transfer coefficient and cooling heat flux on the surface of the simulated heat source also increase, while the temperature decreases as a whole. The optimal cooling heat flux of 170 W/cm² and the optimal heat transfer coefficient of 12500 W/(m²·K) were obtained when the nozzle inlet speed was 20 m/s and the dry ice ratio was 40%.

Ammonia is a chemical storage material with high hydrogen storage density. Efficient use of energy can be achieved through ammonia-hydrogen conversion. The decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen plays a pivotal role in this conversion process, and electrocatalytic direct decomposition of liquid ammonia is theoretically the most energy-efficient pathway. A key challenge lies in reducing the overpotential at the anode during liquid ammonia direct electrolysis to unlock the full potential of electrocatalytic ammonia decomposition in the hydrogen economy. This study employs linear scanning voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronopotential (CP) tests to investigate the electrochemical properties and corrosion resistance of various materials, including copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, carbon paper and 304 stainless steel, as anode materials in the electrolysis of liquid ammonia. The tests were conducted in a 2.0 mol/L NH₄Cl liquid ammonia solution. The findings indicate that titanium exhibits subpar electrocatalytic activity as an anode for the liquid ammonia electrolysis process. While copper, cobalt, and iron display excellent electrocatalytic activity, they also experience pronounced corrosion at forward potentials. 304 stainless steel showcases impressive electrocatalytic activity but exhibits average stability at high current densities. Carbon paper, despite its modest electrocatalytic activity, demonstrates commendable stability at elevated current densities, coupled with a large active surface area, rendering it suitable as a substrate material for the anode in liquid ammonia electrolysis. Moreover, molybdenum and vanadium exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity compared to carbon paper, with slower corrosion rates at high current density, positioning them as viable materials for the anode in liquid ammonia electrolysis.

The molecular structure of n-butane is relatively stable with high C—C bond energy, which makes it difficult to be effectively utilized, and most of it is currently burned as a low-value fuel. The study of converting n-butane into high-value-added light olefins through dehydrogenation, cracking, and other reactions is also of great scientific significance. In this study, Pt and Ga were sequentially impregnated onto CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (CZA) support by using a stepwise method to prepare the PtGa/CZA catalyst. Pt-Ga₂O₃ was introduced as a dehydrogenation catalyst for the conversion of C₄H₁₀ to C{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{=}, while CZA functions as an acid catalyst for the cracking reactions leading to C{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{=}→C{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{=} and C{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{=}. Simultaneously, PtGa and CZA synergistically enhance the surface oxygen adsorption capacity and reduce the activation temperature required for n-butane. The results demonstrated that simultaneous loading of Pt and Ga onto the CZA support significantly enhanced both conversion rate and selectivity compared to single-loaded Pt or Ga catalysts. At 500℃, the conversion rate of n-butane over the PtGa/CZA catalyst reached 64.3%, which was 55.9% higher than that achieved with the Pt/CZA catalyst and 53.9% higher than that obtained with the Ga/CZA catalyst. All three catalysts exhibited selectivity above 95%. The PtGa/CZA catalyst was made into a coated catalyst to improve n-butane conversion and catalyst stability. The excellent activity of the PtGa/CZA catalysts was attributed to the lower Ce⁴⁺ reduction temperature and surface adsorbed oxygen desorption temperature, as well as the larger surface adsorbed oxygen site content and strong acid site content.

The hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite has abundant pore structure, and its unique micro-mesopic pore structure can significantly promote the occurrence of macromolecular reactions such as methyl oleate (OAME), while the promotion mechanism and structure-activity relationship at the molecular level are still unclear. In this work, we studied the adsorption and diffusion behavior of the reactants and five product molecules (C₃H₆, C₄H₈ and BTX) in the catalytic cracking reaction of OAME via Monte Carlo simulation (MC) combined with molecular dynamics (MD). By analyzing the adsorption isotherms, adsorption density maps and diffusion coefficients of the reacting species, we found that rising temperature was detrimental to the adsorption of OAME, thus inhibiting the reaction, which is consistent with the experimental results. At the same time, the two adsorption sites in the zeolite play significantly different roles. The straight channel provides the aromatization active center in the catalytic creaking reaction, while the role of the hierarchical channel is reflected in promoting the mass transfer and diffusion of the main product molecules of BTX. Such synergistic catalysis effect of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite channel increases the BTX yield compared to microporous. In addition, it was found that the main reason why the hierarchical pore ZSM-5 molecular sieve can improve the aromatic yield is that it can accelerate the rapid diffusion of BTX into the mesopores. The above simulation results not only help to determine the experimental conditions of the fatty acid ester catalytic cracking reaction from the microscopic point of view, but also could enrich our understanding of the microcosmic mechanism of hierarchical zeolites for prolific aromatics.

The composite Fe-carbon/nitrogen (Fe-MOF-C/N) was prepared from the precusors of Fe-MOF-74 and g-C₃N₄ and its performance in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was studied. The results of XRD, SEM and XPS analysis showed that Fe-MOF-C/N had a porous structure and was mainly composed of Fe₃N, C_0.08Fe_1.92 and graphite. The results of using Fe-MOF-C/N to activate PMS to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) show that compared with the previous Fe-C/N-0.5∶1 (prepared from FeC₂O₄ and g- C₃N₄), Fe-MOF-C/ N has better catalytic performance. The degradation rate of BPA by Fe-MOF-C/N/PMS under the same conditions reaches 95.21% (6 min), which is 30.4% higher than Fe-C/N-0.5∶1/PMS. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of BPA reached 59.72% within 6 min under the optimized experimental conditions. Free radical quenching experiments showed that ¹O₂ was the main active species in Fe-MOF-C/N/PMS. The recycle tests indicated Fe-MOF-C/N had a good stability, the degradation rate of BPA only decreased by 9.0% in 5 runs, implying it has a good application prospect.

The simultaneous abatement of NO _x and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by NH₃-SCR catalysts has attracted lots of attention. However, the presence of VOCs can have negative impact on deNO _x efficiency especially at low temperatures. In this study, hydrotalcite-derived composite oxide (Cu) MgFe-LDO catalysts were selected to explore the simultaneous removal of NO _x and methanol, focusing on the introduction of Cu and the influence of CuO _x and FeO _x interaction on the synergistic reaction, and the prepared catalysts were characterized and tested. The results showed that the deNO _x activity of Cu-containing catalysts was higher than that of MgFe-LDO catalysts, and the optimal catalyst Cu_0.5MgFe-LDO exhibits the best catalytic activity for both NH₃-SCR and methanol oxidation in the temperature window of 230—300℃.The appropriate introduction of Cu strengthens the interaction between Cu and Fe species, which is conducive to the redox cycle, resulting in more oxygen defects and reactive oxygen species. Excessive Cu doping will destroy the catalyst structure and reduce the surface acidity. The introduction of Cu can slow down the inhibitory effect of methanol on the SCR reaction. These results can provide useful guidance for the practical application of SCR catalysts for synergistic removal of VOCs.

For the separation of monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneous species, an ion-exchange chromatography mechanism model is used to predict the elution and separation behavior and assist in the optimization of process conditions. The calibration experiments were designed to estimate the model parameters and the model simulation matched well with the experiments, demonstrating the model has good predictive ability. The model was used to compare and evaluate the influences of different elution modes and conditions. The optimal two-step elution was obtained to achieve high yield. However, it was found that the separation efficiency was highly sensitive to the salt concentration of first-step elution solution. Therefore, the process robustness was considered further to optimize the salt concentration, and it was found the salt concentration of 108.5 mmol/L could greatly enhance the process robustness. The results of validation experiments showed that the highest yield of two-step elution process reached 85.3%, and the operating range of the salt concentration of first-step elution was widened to 98.9—117.5 mmol/L. The results demonstrated that model-assisted process optimization could facilitate the complex condition analysis, promote the optimization and provide reasonable solutions for process robustness.

The Rayleigh equation is a fundamental equation that describes time-dependent simple distillation. Despite it has extensive application in isotope fractionation related fields, its application in chemical separation related articles is few. This paper addresses this discrepancy by initially establishing the Rayleigh equation for simple distillation and the mathematical model for equilibrium distillation based on component molar flow rates. Subsequently, the theoretical relationships between integration and differentiation in mathematics are applied to build an approximate model for simple distillation using a series of N stages in equilibrium distillation, elucidating the theoretical connection between simple and equilibrium distillation. Finally, using the mathematical model of N-stage series equilibrium distillation, the Rayleigh equation is derived under the condition that N tends to infinity. The results indicate that Rayleigh distillation is a specific operational condition of simple distillation, characterized by infinitesimally small vaporization rates and heating rates, requiring an indefinitely long distillation time. It reveals that the infinite time required for Rayleigh distillation aligns more with isotope fractionation processes.

With zirconiumv (Ⅳ)-carboxylate metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66 nanoparticles as representative, UiO-66 nanoparticles with different particle sizes were prepared and incorporated in polyamide (PA) layer of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes to investigate the impact of UiO-66 nanoparticle size on the performance of thin film composite nano-forward osmosis (TFN-FO) membranes. The effects of incorporated UiO-66 nanoparticle on the property of TFN-FO membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA) instrument and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that reducing the particle size of UiO-66 would not affect the high hydrophilicity of TFN-FO membrane. Meanwhile, as the particle size of UiO-66 decreased, the roughness of TFN-FO membrane decreased and the crosslinking degree increased. Moreover, the performance of TFN-FO membrane was evaluated by a home made forward osmosis system with deionized water and 2 mol/L sodium chloride solution as feed and draw solution. TFN-FO membrane incorporated with small particle size (50 nm) UiO-66 achieved 35% water flux improvement while maintaining a low reverse salt flux. Moreover, organic pollution experiments show that the TFN-FO membrane has good anti-fouling properties.

With the large-scale development of the oil and gas industry, the environmental problems caused by oily waste water have become increasingly serious, and the air flotation cyclone technology has been widely used as an efficient separation method. In order to further improve the separation effect of this technology, a one-factor experiment was conducted on the microbubble density M, rotational angular velocity, flocculant type and concentration using experimental methods, and the response surface method was used to optimize the combination of several factors. The single factor study found that the optimal conditions are: microbubble density 2.88×10⁴ microbubbles/ml, rotational angular velocity 460 r/min, and the flocculant PAFC had a better separation effect. Response surface method analysis yielded a significant effect of the interaction of X₁, X₃ with the three variables, and the optimal combinations: 2.47×10⁴ microbubbles/ml for M, 440 r/min for rotational angular velocity, and 40 mg/L for the concentration of flocculant PAFC.

In the sampling procedure of the stochastic reconstruction method, the number of samples for each structural attribute is unequal and varying. To use Latin hypercube sampling to reduce the variance of the random reconstruction model, based on the characteristics of the sampling process of the stochastic reconstruction method and the principle of Latin hypercube sampling, a new Latin hypercube sampling method suitable for the stochastic reconstruction method was proposed. In the novel Latin hypercube sampling, the sampling number for each structural attribute is determined by the values of the preorder structural attribute. A Latin hypercube sampling-based stochastic reconstruction model for a vacuum gas oil sample was developed. The determination of the sampling number for each structural attribute was introduced in detail with the building diagram. Multiple cases with different predefined molecular numbers were designed to investigate the effects of the novel Latin hypercube sampling on the variance and accuracy of the stochastic reconstruction model. The results showed that the novel Latin hypercube sampling method can significantly reduce the variance and objective function value of the model. As the molecular number ranging from 1000 to 50000, the standard deviations of the new model are 71.36%—74.53% lower than the traditional model, and the objective function values are 1.69%—13.82% lower than the traditional model. Based on the model accuracy and the computational cost of the simulation process, 4000—6000 was selected as the optimal molecule numbers for the new model. By comparing the values of objective function, bulk properties and mass fraction distributions in saturates and aromatics, it was found that the performance of the new model when the molecular number is 2000 is consistent with the performance of the traditional model when the molecular number is 10000, and the computing time of the new model is only 22.54% of that of the traditional model.

The current environmental regulations are increasingly stringent,prompting refineries to deepen the hydrogenation process to enhance product quality. However, this will significantly increase hydrogen consumption. In addition, when the adjustment of the hydrogenation unit processing capacity and the switching of crude oil cause impurity content to fluctuate, the working conditions of the hydrogenation unit will deviate. Failing to promptly optimize hydrogen usage during this period may result in decreased product quality or lead to wastage of hydrogen. To ensure product quality compliance, reduce hydrogen consumption, and lower production costs, this paper proposed a multi-period hydrogen network integration method coupled with hydrogenation unit optimization. The method first obtained the optimal operational parameters for each unit across various scenarios using an optimization model. Subsequently, multiple optimized operational scenarios were integrated into the hydrogen network. The proposed method was applied to a case study taken from a real refinery. The results showed that the hydrogen network operating strategy obtained from the proposed method can meet the hydrogenation requirements of hydrogenation units under various scenarios and enable the production of qualified products at lower costs.

In order to study the tribological properties of sealing materials for dry gas seals, the tribometer equipped with a rotating module was used to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of three kinds of antimony impregnated graphite when paired with pressureless sintered SiC and 3D-printed SiC under dry friction conditions. The effects of velocity and load on the friction and wear characteristics of sealing materials were analyzed, and the wear mechanisms on the surface of mating materials were revealed. The results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate gradually decreases with the increase of the product of load p and velocity v (pv value). When the pv value is low, the wear mechanism is severe abrasive wear and slight adhesive wear. When the pv value is high, the wear mainly occurs between the graphite transfer layers adhered to the silicon carbide friction surface, and the wear mechanism is mainly adhesive wear. In order to study the effect of pv value changes on the friction and wear characteristics of antimony impregnated graphite and silicon carbide sealing materials, the testing program which changes the velocity while fixing the load is preferable.

The cage sesquisiloxane (POSS) of organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared by self-hydrolytic condensation of organosilicon compound γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES),and then it was grafted onto graphene oxide (GO) to overcome aggregation of GO. The grafting rate was determined to be 98.3% by Boehm titration, and further loaded with zinc ions to prepare composite nanoparticles POSS/GO/Zn. The structure and microstructure of POSS/GO/Zn were characterized with FT-IR, XRD, Raman, NMR, and SEM, and applied to waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) coating materials. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ESI) and water contact angle results showed that the composite coating of the obtained nanoparticles presented the excellent anti-corrosion and hydrophobic properties. The impedance value of POSS/GO/Zn/WEP after being soaked in 3.5% sodium chloride solution for 40 days was 8.33×10⁵ Ω·cm², which was greater than the initial value of 1.46×10⁵ Ω·cm² on the first day of immersion of the blank epoxy coating. The water contact angle increased from 48.42° to 98.11°, and the property of coating changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic,indicating that the POSS/GO/Zn has good potential for application in coatings.

Hydrate reformation and silt deposition blockage in pipelines are key issues affecting combustible ice mining, and seawater in pipelines has a certain degree of salinity. Therefore, this study used a high-pressure loop to carry out water-silt-NaCl-CH₄ system hydrate formation and hydrate-silt deposition experiments. The experiments revealed a four-stage evolution process from hydrate formation to stable solid-phase deposition. The study found that in a saline system containing sand, the induction time of hydrate formation can be significantly extended by 2-3 times compared to that in a pure water system. This extension is particularly notable under conditions of low sand concentration (0.1%(mass)) and high flow rate (1600 kg/h), reaching a maximum of 3.3 times. This is because of that the disruption of water molecule cluster structures by NaCl and sand is a crucial mechanism inhibiting hydrate nucleation. Furthermore, NaCl compresses the thickness of the particle’s double electric layer, weakening the hydrophilicity of sand particles. This, coupled with nanobubble bridging, prompts the aggregation of solid particles and their adhesion to the pipe wall, accelerating the formation of hydrate-sand deposition layers. The research findings contribute to ensuring the safety and stability of multiphase flow in the exploitation and production system for combustible ice development.

Capturing CO₂ released from large point sources such as power plants is an option to reduce man-made CO₂ emissions. As a new gas separation and purification technology, the hydrate method is key to strengthening the formation rate and water-to-hydrate ratio. In this study, a self-developed spray hydrate reactor was used to carry out carbon capture experiments with large and small water volumes (640 and 160 ml). And the carbon capture efficiency and hydrate growth characteristics were investigated under the nozzle aperture diameters of 0.1 and 0.8 mm, and different concentrations of kinetic promoters: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and L-methionine (L-Met). The experimental results show that the 0.1 mm aperture nozzle is favorable for CO₂ capture. For both L-Met and SDS systems, the final amount of CO₂ gas trapped in per mole of solution is an order of magnitude higher than that in pure water, and the efficiency of the promoter is better at a lower concentration 0.1% (mass) than that at a higher concentration 1% (mass). The final gas consumption of the SDS system in the large water volume experiment is the highest at 0.0848 mol /mol H₂O, 1.4 times that of the L-Met system, but the capture rate of the L-Met system is better than that of the SDS system. In the small water volume experiment, the gas capture amount and capture rate of the L-Met system are better than that of the SDS system. The growth angle of hydrate wall-climbing is 1.8 times that of 1% (mass) at 0.1% (mass) promoter. Such combination of L-Met solution with concentration 0.1% (mass), a nozzle with aperture 0.1 mm, and an injection method with small rate 3.33 ml/min, represents the best performance of promoting hydrate-based CO₂ capture. The results provide reference and basic experimental data for the enhancement of CO₂ capture in flue gas by hydrate method in spray reactor.

Droplet tests were performed to study the hypergolic ignition characteristics of three imidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids blending with different proportions of furfuryl alcohol. Two high-speed cameras and an infrared camera were used to synchronously obtain macroscopic, microscopic, and infrared images of the fuel hypergolic process. The coalescence and reaction process of droplets and liquid pools beneath the liquid surface was also captured. A typical three-stage hypergolic process was observed in the experiments: spreading and mixing, gas-phase products generation, and occurrence of flame kernel and flame propagation. Ignition delay time was defined to quantitatively characterize the hypergolic reactivity. The results showed that the addition of furfuryl alcohol can effectively reduce the viscosity of the fuel blends, promoting the mixing of fuel and oxidant, accelerating the emergence of high-temperature gas-phase and foggy products. The ignition delay time of the mixed fuel changes non-monotonically with the addition ratio of furfuryl alcohol. The blending ratio with the shortest ignition delay increases with the increase of droplet speed; the propulsion performance of the mixed fuel is less affected by the addition of furfuryl alcohol. This research can be a valuable reference for the development and utilization of hypergolic ionic liquid propellants.

By establishing a mathematical model of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the heat-electricity-mass transfer characteristics in the fuel cell when there are different temperature differences on the cooling surface are simulated. The effect of temperature difference on the membrane temperature distribution, proton conductivity distribution, current density distribution, and polarization curves are analyzed. The results show that the temperature and proton conductivity in membrane decreases with the decrease of cooling surface temperature difference (temperature gradient). The local oxygen concentration in catalyst layer decreases with decreasing the temperature difference. And the current density is affected by both temperature and gas reactant concentration. A large temperature gradient results a low current density and low power density. The peak power density dropped from 0.578 W/cm² to 0.523 W/cm² with a decrease of 9.52% when the temperature gradient increased from 0 to 0.82 K/cm. The current density uniformity was 92.71% at the operating voltage 0.5 V and the temperature gradient 0.20 K/cm.

The presence of mercury (Hg) in wastewater treatment systems in low-pressure areas can potentially reduce the efficiency of wastewater treatment. In a laboratory-scale study using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the impact of Hg under low-pressure conditions on wastewater treatment systems was investigated. It was found that Hg significantly lowered the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), particularly at high concentrations. The removal rate of NH₄⁺-N decreased from 89.73% to 38.71% with increased Hg concentrations. Hg had a detrimental effect on the nitrogen transformation process within the SBR cycle. At an influent Hg concentration of 250 µg/L, the specific ammonium oxidation rate (SAOR) and the nitrite reduction rate (SNIR) decreased by 96.74% and 96.91%, respectively, and the activities of related functional enzymes decreased by 100.00% and 97.87%, respectively. Furthermore, Hg altered the morphology and structure of the activated sludge, leading to the disintegration of the overall sludge structure and changes in surface characteristics. It also inhibited the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly affecting the protein content. In terms of the microbial community, the addition of Hg significantly altered the structure of the activated sludge community, especially affecting functional genera related to the nitrification process, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to the impact of the presence of Hg in the sewage treatment system under low-pressure conditions.

In order to improve the impact of fluctuations in new energy generation on the power grid, this paper proposes an integrated thermal system called the photothermal coupled transcritical compressed carbon dioxide energy storage (TC-CCES) cycle. The dynamic mathematical models of TC-CCES system and photothermal system were established based on the energy and mass balance relationship, and the dynamic response curves of key parameters of TC-CCES system in energy storage and release stage were obtained. The research results show that the energy storage density of the system reaches 28.43 kW/m³, the energy storage efficiency and cycle efficiency are 58.01% and 60.85% respectively, and the maximum error of the dynamic mathematical model is less than 5%. In addition, changes in direct solar radiation cause the system heat source temperature to change, and the system load is very sensitive to changes in heat source temperature. The heat source temperature increases by 2.29%, and the heat exchanger load increases by 3.36%. In a typical day of four seasons in a certain area, the unit load in winter is 23.9% lower than that in autumn. The dynamic mathematical model presented in this paper can be used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of solar power generation, and lays a theoretical foundation for the design of the control system.

The large-scale preparation of nanocellulose-embedded cryogel microspheres can be realized by crystallization pore-forming and low-temperature polymerization in a multi-microtube reactor. In this process, the formation of hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomer solution embedded with nanocellulose through multi-microtube reactor is the primary condition. It is of great significance to study the dynamic characteristics of the forming process. Using high-speed imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation methods, the droplet formation process of hydroxyethyl methacrylate embedded with different proportions (1%, 3%, 5% of monomer mass) of nanocellulose at different inlet flow rates (6, 8, 10 mm·s^-1) was visualized. The effects of nanocellulose content on droplet formation, droplet diameter distribution, necking line length, droplet falling speed and other factors were investigated. The results show that the hydroxyethyl methacrylate droplets embedded with nanocellulose undergo stretching and compression processes after forming and dripping in a multi-microtube reactor, and finally stabilized into a spherical shape. The measured droplet diameter and necking line length were positively correlated with the cellulose concentration in the monomer solution. The increase of cellulose content increased the viscosity and surface tension coefficient of the monomer solution, thus increasing the droplet size and necking line length. The simulation results are basically consistent with the experimental results. The difference of droplet diameter is 2.1%—6.3%, and the difference of necking line length is 7.2%—11.9%. In the amplification simulation of droplet formation, the average droplet diameter is 3.98 mm and the average necking line length is 4.14 mm at the inlet velocity of 10 mm·s^-1. Finally, a multi-microtube reactor was used to successfully prepare nanocellulose chimeric crystalline microspheres. The effective porosity of the microspheres can reach more than 80%, and the absolute dry porosity is close to 90%. It is an ideal carrier for the field of biological separation and the adherent growth of microorganisms.

A self-built 2 m long air flow transport pipeline test device was used to carry out corn starch explosion experiments under different air flow velocities. Flame propagation behavior and pressure parameters were acquired through high-speed photography and pressure sensors. The experimental findings were employed to examine the influence of airflow velocity on the flame propagation behavior and explosion characteristics of cornstarch under various pneumatic transport conditions. The results indicate that, as airflow velocity increases, there is an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease in the luminosity of the dust explosion flame, flame propagation speed, and maximum explosion pressure. An intriguing observation is the spiral-like propagation of flames towards the terminus of the pipeline. When the airflow velocity increased from 5 m/s to 10 m/s, the maximum flame propagation speed increased from 74.07 m/s to 89.51 m/s, and the maximum explosion pressure rose from 17.08 kPa to 23.42 kPa. When the air flow speed is increased to 15 m/s, the maximum flame propagation speed and explosion pressure decrease. The most significant effects were observed at a mass concentration of 300 g/m³, where the explosion pressure decreased by 41%, 500 g/m³ was the least affected and the explosion pressure is reduced by 7.4%.

The stability of partially premixed flame has a great influence on the safety, efficiency and emission of combustion device. This paper studies the flammability limit of n-butane partially premixed flame in cavity and non-cavity burner at a constant primary air coefficient by experiment and numerical simulation. The results show that, first, the flame stabilization range of the cavity burner is much larger than that of the non-cavity burner (a difference of about 2 orders of magnitude), especially with a more significant impact on the blow-out limit, which is mainly due to the unique double flame structure of the cavity burner (stuck vortex flame + external flame). Second, the trapped vortex flame in the cavity burner can continue to exist within a certain range after flashback or blowout of the external flame. Third, the key of the stabilization of the external flame is the heating of the wall by the trapped vortex flame. Such conclusions are intended to provide guidance for the design of partially premixed combustion units.