Research progress of MOF preparation by steam-assisted method

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241221

Abstract

Abstract:

Metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) have shown great potential in various applications, including gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, and sensing due to their high specific surface area and porosity, adjustable pore sizes, and diverse structures. However, the synthesis of traditional MOF materials is mainly based on solvothermal method, which not only consumes a large amount of high-value organic solvents, but also has high energy consumption, low yield, and difficult waste liquid treatment in the production process, which does not meet the requirements of green development of chemical industry. The steam-assisted synthesis, which has the advantages of small solvent dosage, fewer reaction processes and shorter cycle time, has received extensive attention in the synthesis and modification of MOF materials in recent years, and it is expected to provide a new green and efficient pathway for the synthesis of MOF materials. This paper reviews the research advancements of MOF prepared by steam-assisted method, overviews the research progress of this method in the synthesis and modification of MOF materials. Additionally, the prospective developments of this synthesis method are discussed.

Key words: metal-organic framework materials, steam-assisted, synthesis, economic, modification, green

摘要：

金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料因其具有高的比表面积和孔隙率、可调的孔径、丰富多样的结构等优势在气体吸附分离、催化、传感等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。然而，传统MOF材料的合成以溶剂热法为主，不仅要消耗大量高值有机溶剂，且生产过程能耗高、产量低、废液难处理，不符合化工绿色发展的要求。蒸气相辅助合成法具有溶剂用量小、反应流程少、周期短等优势，近年来在MOF材料合成与改性方面受到广泛关注，有望为MOF材料的合成提供一条绿色高效的新途径。综述了蒸气相辅助法制备MOF基材料的研究进展，阐述了该方法在MOF材料合成及改性领域的研究进展，展望了该方法的发展前景。

关键词: 金属有机骨架材料, 蒸气辅助, 合成, 经济, 改性, 绿色

CLC Number:

TQ 021.4

Bing ZHANG, Jianhui LI, Xinrong MA, Yang CHEN, Jinping LI, Libo LI. Research progress of MOF preparation by steam-assisted method[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(5): 2026-2041.

张冰, 李建惠, 马欣蓉, 陈杨, 李晋平, 李立博. 蒸气相辅助法制备MOF基材料的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(5): 2026-2041.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Timeline of the development of synthesis methods for MOF materials

Table 1 Summary of different synthesis methods of MOF

合成方法	优点	缺点	MOF	比表面积/ (m²/g)	时空产率/ (kg/(m³·d))	文献
溶剂热合成法	适用范围广	高温高压、废液难以处理	MOF-5	2900	—	[18]
电化学合成法	合成效率高	能耗高、普适性差	Cu-MOF	1820	—	[23]
微波加热法	效率高，反应时间短	微波设备成本高	Ni-MOF-74	1252	—	[24]
			Mg-MOF-74	1416	—	[24]
			UiO-66	1052	7163	[30]
超声波化学法	快速结晶	产品质量低	MOF-1	—	—	[26]
微通道合成技术法	反应速率快	设备加工成本高、狭窄的通道易堵塞	MOF-808	1600	95000	[27]
室温溶液合成法	简单、廉价、绿色	单体溶解度差、普适性差	UiO-66-(COOH)₂	890	—	[22]
室温溶液合成法	简单、廉价、绿色	单体溶解度差、普适性差	HKUST-1	1749	1842	[31]
机械研磨法	环境友好、经济高效	产品质量低、稳定性差	ZIF-8	37	—	[28]

Fig.2 Advantages of MOF preparation by steam-assisted method

Fig.3 Diagram of reaction vessel for synthesis of ZIF[33]

Fig.4 (a) Schematic diagram of the steam-assisted synthesis of MIL-100(Fe); (b) Relative crystallinity curves of MIL-100(Fe) by steam-assisted method and electrosynthesis[36]; (c) Schematic diagram of the device for the synthesis of UiO-type MOF by steam-assisted method[37]; (d) Reactor diagram of steam-assisted synthesis of MIL-101 (left) and holed-Teflon plate (left-bottom), P-V phase diagram of water (right)[40]

Fig.5 (a) Diagram of the internal installation of the steam-assisted synthesis MOF-74[38]； (b) Steam-assisted synthesis of MOF-74∶metal oxide (MO) and H4dobdc ligand are mixed in a ratio of 2∶1[39]; (c) Products obtained by the reaction ZnO with H4 dobdc under different steam conditions[39]; (d) SEM image of MIL-101 synthesized by solvent-thermal synthesis method; (e) The expanded images of figure (d); SEM diagram of steam-assisted synthesis MIL-101： (f) Cr/H2BDC=1/1， (g) Cr/H2BDC=1/1.2[40]

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of solvent cycle in SEC and SAC synthesis[45]

Fig.7 Flow diagram of chemical vapor deposition of ZIF-8 thin film[54]

Fig.8 (a) Chemical vapor deposition Cu-based MOF film flow diagram[55]; (b) Steam-assisted synthesis of HKUST-1 powder (left) and HKUST-1 film (right)[56]; (c) Schematic diagram of preparation of large-pore MAF-6 powder (top) and thin film by steam-assisted method (bottom)[57]; (d) Flow chart of CAT-1 film device prepared by chemical vapor deposition[58]

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of the preparation of ZnO thin film and conversion into MOF thin film［SEM microscopic images show the various stages of MOF formation on Si (100) substrate］[59]

Fig.10 (a) Schematic diagram of the growth of ZIF-67 on substrate by the steam-flow assisted reaction of Co(acac)2 and 2-MIM in a CVD furnace; (b) Schematic diagram of preparation of ZIF-67 chemical resistor; (c) Optical images of ZIF-67 electrodes before and after deposition; (d) Gas sensitivity of CVD ZIF-67 chemical resistors under different environmental conditions; (e) Output characteristics of CVD ZIF-67 chemical resistor under different humidity conditions[60]

Fig.11 (a) CVD process diagram for synthesizing high quality Mg-MOF-74 film[62]; (b) Overview of equilibrium processes in vacuum reaction units[63]

Fig.12 (a) Schematic diagram of the basic principle of the air-steam etching process for producing layered porous structures in H-ZIF-8; (b) Catalytic performance of ZIF-8 and H-ZIF-8 samples in the cycloaddition of CO2 catalyzed by epichlorohydrin[69]; (c) Method diagram of preparation of HP-Cu-BTC by steam etching and solution etching and gas separation performance diagram[70]

Fig.13 (a) Schematic diagram of synthesis of HKUST-1 by steam-assisted method; (b),(c) Schematic diagram of synthesis of HKUST-1/Fe3O4 composites by steam-assisted and solvothermal methods; (d) Adsorption properties of HKUST-1/Fe3O4 composites for thiophene and benzothiophene (top), indole and quinoline (bottom)[44]

Fig.14 Schematic diagram of the steam-assisted postsynthetic functionalization (PSF) process[74]

Fig.15 (a) Schematic diagram of the VPLE process[76]; (b) Schematic diagram of multi-connector VPLE strategy; (c) The adsorption isotherm of CO2, CH4 and N2 by ZIF-8; (d) Gas adsorption isotherm of ZIF-8/I; (e) Gas adsorption isotherm of ZIF-8/Cl; (f) Gas adsorption isotherm of ZIF-8/Br; (g) Gas adsorption isotherm of ZIF-8/I/Cl; (h) CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 selectivity of ZIF exchanged between ZIF-8 and the linker[77]

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