Research progress on electrochemical desalination mechanisms and related studies

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230661

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrochemical desalination, which achieves ion immobilization through a reversible electrochemical process, is a promising energy-saving water treatment technology. The study of desalination mechanisms helps to gain a deeper understanding of ion transport and removal characteristics, thereby providing theoretical support for the design of materials and batteries. According to the basic principles of electrochemistry, electrochemical desalination mechanisms can be divided into two categories: electrosorption mechanisms and charge transfer mechanisms. The latter includes redox active conductive polymers, ion insertion (or intercalation) reactions, conversion reactions, and redox active electrolytes. Advanced characterization technologies (including in situ X-ray technology, in situ spectroscopy technology and other technologies) and computer modeling and simulation (including molecular dynamics simulation, density functional theory, and finite element analysis) play a key role in mechanism analysis.

Key words: electrochemistry, desalination, mechanism, adsorption, charge transfer

摘要：

电化学脱盐技术通过可逆的电化学过程实现离子固定化，是一种很有前途的节能水处理技术。有关脱盐机理的研究有助于深入了解离子传输和去除特性，进而为材料和电池的设计提供理论支持。根据电化学基本原理，可以将电化学脱盐机理分为电吸附机理与电荷转移机理两大类，后者包括氧化还原活性导电聚合物、离子插入（或插层）反应、转化反应以及氧化还原活性电解质。先进表征技术（包括原位X射线技术、原位波谱技术以及其他技术）和计算机建模与仿真（包括分子动力学模拟、密度泛函理论、有限元分析）在机理分析中起到关键作用。

关键词: 电化学, 脱盐, 机理, 吸附, 电荷转移

CLC Number:

P 747

Yuanshuai QI, Wenchao PENG, Yang LI, Fengbao ZHANG, Xiaobin FAN. Research progress on electrochemical desalination mechanisms and related studies[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(1): 171-189.

齐元帅, 彭文朝, 李阳, 张凤宝, 范晓彬. 电化学脱盐机理及相关研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 171-189.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Record of publications and citations over the past 20 years using the keywords ‘capacitive deionization’ or ‘electrosorption’ from the Web of Science[16]

Fig.2 The electrochemical process of ion immobilization[17]

Fig.3 (a) Models for describing the structure of an electrical double layer at a positively charged surface[20]; (b) The model of electric double layer at the solid-liquid interface (taking the Stern model as an example)[28]

Fig.4 The process of transforming from activation control into quality transfer control[27]

Fig.5 (a) The fundamental mechanism of charge compensation during the ion electrosorption process: co-ion expulsion, ion exchange, and counterion adsorption in the uncharged state[26]; (b) The evolution of electric charge compensation upon increasing electrode charge, where two subsequent ion swapping events are followed by counterion adsorption[26]; (c) Schematic diagram of a two-dimensional porous electrode model that varies with time[38]

Fig.6 (a) Selective ion removal through the reversible electrochemical reactions of tailored surface groups[73]; (b) Electrochemical characteristics of the anion-selective redox electrode[73]; (c) Introduction of redox-active DAAQ units and the electrochemically reversible quinone/hydroquinone process for cation removal[76]

Fig.7 The advantages and disadvantages of ion-insertion-type electrode materials (a)[78] and their electrochemical characteristics (b)[78, 83-84]

Fig.8 Ion-conversion-type electrode materials (a) and the electrochemical characteristics (b), as exemplified for the Ag/AgCl reaction[103]

Fig.9 (a) Electrochemical desalination mechanisms with redox-active electrolytes[111]; (b) Standard redox potentials of various catholyte and anolyte redox couples[112]

Fig.10 Application of in situ XRD and in situ SAXS in the study of electrochemical desalination mechanisms[114, 116, 118]

Fig.11 Application of in situ FTIR, in situ Raman and in situ NMR in the study of electrochemical desalination mechanisms[120, 123, 128-129]

Fig.12 Application of in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance in the study of electrochemical desalination mechanisms[131, 134]

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