Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were employed to study the loading and release behaviors of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) by drug delivery carrier polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. A coarse-grained (CG) model for PAMAM dendrimers was first constructed, which reproduced the conformational properties of PAMAM dendrimers accurately. The effects of PAMAM dendrimer generation (G) on DOX loading and the environment pH on DOX release were investigated. Simulation results showed that PAMAM dendrimers mainly encapsulated DOX into their interior cavities through hydrophobic interaction. The encapsulation capacity of G6 and G7 PAMAM dendrimers were much better than PAMAM of lower generations, because there were more hydrophobic cavities inside G6 or G7 dendrimers for their high porosity. At low pH, PAMAM dendrimers underwent conformational changes, thus DOX molecule escaped from dendrimers quickly. Such phenomena are mainly caused by the protonation of primary amines and tertiary amines in PAMAM dendrimers and primary amines in DOX. The electrostatic repulsion between these charged groups will lead PAMAM dendrimers swelling immensely and the inner cavities being exposed, which promotes the release of DOX molecules. This work could provide useful guidance for the design and optimization of dendrimer-based drug delivery systems

The melting temperature distribution of fly ash used to prepare fiber is a key to the composition ratio for reducing the melting temperature. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and ash fusion point determination meter, the compositions and fusion temperature of five kinds of fly ash samples were measured. Ternary phase diagram with Al₂O₃+SiO₂, CaO+MgO, Fe₂O₃+TiO₂ for three-phase coordinate was obtained based on the experimental results in the present study and the data of compositions and melting temperature of 117 fly ash samples in literature. Meanwhile, the fly ash melting temperature profile was derived from the zoning method according to different melting temperature. With the effort of distinguishing the compositions of fly ash in low-melting zone, the regularities of its compositions and melting temperature have been established. It has been proved that the compositions and distribution of fly ash in the low melting regions (FT<1350℃) are well consistent with the low melting point regions of 1350℃ in CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary phase diagrams where the minor components are converted to the equal charge of main components, leading to a method of reducing the melting temperature of the fly ash with high melting temperature.

An accurate thermal decomposition model helps people take measures of prevention and controlling the burning and explosion accidents, which are caused by thermal run away of materials. This paper mainly studied a sample: 40%DCP solution (dicumyl peroxide dissolved in 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate). Experiments were performed with two devices, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2), analyzed the kinetics by TSS (Thermal Safety Software) and established two decomposition models: model 1 “N-order followed with N-order” and model 2 “N-order followed with autocatalysis”, then, the kinetic parameters were estimated by Friedman method and non-linear simulation method. From simulated curves, both models described the decomposition curve for dynamic calorimetry mode or adiabatic calorimetry mode well, which illustrated the limitation of kinetics study for single calorimetric mode. Therefore, paper proposed a method that estimated the parameters based on both dynamic calorimetry mode and adiabatic calorimetry mode decomposition curves, found that only model 1 explained the decomposition well. Therefore, 40%DCP decomposition can be expressed as model 1, in which the activation energy for two steps are 115.5 kJ·mol^-1 and 135.7 kJ·mol^-1, the natural logarithm of pro-exponential factor are 28.3 and 31.6, and reaction order are 0.40 and 0.84. This study proved that estimation of kinetic parameters with two different calorimetry modes can help determine right kinetic model, obtain accurate kinetic parameters, and overcome the limitation of kinetics study with single calorimetric mode.

An experimental apparatus based on isochoric saturation method was developed for measuring gas solubility and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in liquid with expanded uncertainties of temperature, pressure, solubility and volumetric mass transfer coefficient at 0.02K, 0.01%, 2%, and 4%, respectively. The solubility and volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO₂ in 1-pentanol were determined at temperature from 323 K to 343 K and at pressure from 0.9 MPa to 5.0 MPa. CO₂ solubility in 1-pentanol increased with the increasing pressure. Mole fraction of CO₂ in 1-pentanol was risen by 26% at 323 K, when pressure was increased from 2.5 MPa to 3.2 MPa. However, CO₂ solubility of in 1-pentanol decreased with the increasing temperature. Mole fraction of CO₂ in 1-pentanol also dropped by 26% at pressure of 0.9 MPa when temperature was increased from 323 K to 343 K. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient of CO₂ was risen with increasing temperature and pressure. The CO₂ volumetric mass coefficient showed an increase from 0.0089 s^-1 to 0.0175 s^-1 when conditions of temperature and pressure were changed from 323 K and 1.1 MPa to 343 K and 5.0 MPa.

Flow behavior of water in nano confinement is essential to various application fields, including water purification, desalination, energy conversion, DNA sequencing, etc. It has been recognized that traditional hydrodynamics theory like Navier-Stokes (N-S) is no longer applicable in systems with lower dimension. To assess the limits of N-S equation, the molecular dynamics simulation is used to study water flow behavior in nano-slit. The nano-slit is formed by two parallel graphene sheets separated by a certain distance. Flow rate profiles of water in nano-slit with different distance between two graphene sheets show that when the distance between two graphene sheets is less than 3 nm, N-S equation cannot describe the flow behavior correctly. This means, N-S equation is applicable for channels with size larger than 3 nm, which is about ten times the diameter of water molecule. For pores in which N-S equation is applicable, effective viscosity and slip length were obtained by fitting the flow rate profiles with N-S equation. The influences of pore size, driving force, and wall hydrophobicity on the flow behavior were also investigated with emphasis on the effective viscosity and slip length. With the increases of slit pore size or driving force, water average velocity increases, accompanied by an increase in effective viscosity and a decrease in slip length. The increase of the wall hydrophilicity of the nano-slit results in a decrease of slip length while imposes no obvious effect on the effective viscosity.

Dynamic characteristics of single bubbles in gas-liquid two-phase flow were studied by acoustic emission technique in an experimental setup of single bubble generator. Parameters of acoustic emission signal in bubbles were extracted using self-developed data acquisition and processing program. The acoustic signals in time and frequency domains were then analyzed by statistical analysis, wavelet transform and fast Fourier transform. The results showed that the acoustic emission technique could detect acoustic signals of bubbles inside tube with a high signal to noise ratio, which the acoustic signal increased with the size of nozzle but decreased with the surface tension of liquid. By comparing frequency spectra of bubbles from nozzle with different diameters, it was found that the acoustic signal frequency emitted by bubbles was between 150—200 kHz and peak frequency increased with nozzle diameter. A correlation function was proposed between peak frequency of acoustic signals and bubble diameter. Meanwhile, a continuous bubble evolution diagram was obtained for bubble floating up and generation mechanism of acoustic signals by bubbles was analyzed. The study demonstrates that acoustic emission technique is highly sensitive and very convenient for measurement of bubble motions in gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow.

A simultaneous flow visualization and temperature measurement experiment has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer characteristics and flow behavior of two silicon-based micro oscillating heat pipes (Micro-OHPs) with straight and expanding channels. R141b was used as the working fluid with the volumetric filling ratios ranging from 40% to 60%. Experimental results show that the micro-OHP with expanding channels (#2 micro-OHP) has a better thermal performance, a lower start-up evaporator temperature (or start-up power input) than that of the micro-OHP with straight channels (#1 micro-OHP) at the vertical orientation. Compared to #1 micro-OHP, at the filling ratio of 60%, the reductions in the start-up power input and start-up evaporator temperature of #2 micro-OHP were about 0.4 W and 17.3℃, respectively. Intensified nucleate boiling and bubbly flow were observed in #2 micro-OHP as compared to #1 micro-OHP, and the transient circulation flow was only observed in the latter.

In order to analyze two-layer sintering process and its energy-saving benefit, a two-dimensional unsteady mathematical model of iron ore sintering process, which considered major physical changes and chemical reactions was developed based on porous media theory. Employed with FLUENT software and C language programming via custom code, the sintering process was simulated and a sinter pot test was used to validate the model. Both conventional sintering process and two-layer sintering process were simulated. Distributions of temperature and melt fraction in sintering bed were analyzed. Results showed that heat efficiency became higher, temperature and melt fraction distributed more evenly in two-layer sintering when coke rate was kept the same as in one-layer sintering. Besides, the yield increased 10% when coke rates were 5% in the upper layer and 3.4% in the lower layer while two layers had the same heights. Reducing the height of the upper layer the yield of the sintering could be further increased when the height ratio of the upper and lower layer was 5:9 and coke rates were 5% and 3.756% respectively.

A secondary heat recovery heat pipe air conditioning (AC) system which performed secondary heat transfer by heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) is proposed. Considering the difference between secondary heat recovery HPHE AC and others, this paper designed the HPHE and built the tester. This article used Hefei as a sample, analyzed the energy consumption of the system in winter and summer. According to the analysis of experimental data, when the winter fresh air wind velocity is 1.20—1.85 m·s^-1, the heat recovery rate reaches 10%—23.2%. As the summer fresh air velocity is 1.20—2.0 m·s^-1 and the air temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is 4.2—8.0℃, the heat recovery can reach 35%—55%. Meanwhile, the reheat temperature difference 0—7.4℃ is provided for air supply. The results indicate that secondary heat recovery HPHE AC system has a unique energy-saving advantage.

Based on the hypothesis of the local mass non-equilibrium, a multiphase porous media drying model of heat and mass transfer was developed to verify the effect of porous frozen materials with prefabricated porosity on freeze-drying. Three kinds of adsorption-desorption equilibrium relationships were constructed to express the hygroscopic effect of moist porous media. The model was solved numerically on the commercial software platform of COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method. Results showed that the freeze-drying process can be effectively enhanced with the initially unsaturated material. Excellent agreements were achieved between model simulative results and experimental data using the three kinds of the proposed adsorption-desorption equilibrium relationships. The different relationships can be unified into a Taylor polynomial through Taylor extensions of some elementary functions. Heat and mass transfer mechanism was discussed according to temperature, saturation and mass source profiles. The drying rate-controlling factor is mainly heat transfer for the initially unsaturated material. Numerical examination of the ambient temperature effect on the freeze-drying process illustrated that the developed model provided good prediction capacities.

The transient thermal performances of hollow aluminium structure filled with PCM (phase change material) are experimentally studied. The effects of related parameters with porosity and hole diameter are discussed. Results show that the heat transfer process can be divided into three stages, including the sensible heat region before melting, the melting region, and the sensible heat region after melting. The temperature control time for sample with PCM is 2.5 times than that without PCM due to the absorption of latent heat in the melting region. The sample with higher porosity or higher hole diameter behaves the larger temperature difference between heated and back surfaces, and also the longer melting duration time.

Three types of microchannel surface (TS#1, TS#2, and TS#3) with non-uniform wettability were fabricated on bare copper surfaces by surface modification technology and electrical discharge machining (EDM). Each microchannel had the same rectangular cross section with a depth of 800 μm and width of 600 μm. The width of fin between two successive microchannels was also 600 μm. All these three microchannel surfaces had the same contact angle of 113.2° for the sidewall and bottom surfaces, but for the top surfaces, the contact angles were 8.6°(TS#1), 88.1°(TS#2) and 156.1°(TS#3), respectively. During the EDM fabrication process, cavities of 10 μm in size was formed due to the electric sparking. Thus, the fabricated microchannel surfaces were multiscale surfaces. The statured pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of deionized water on these three types of microchannel surface as well as the bare copper surface were investigated experimentally. Compared with the bare copper surface (BS, θ=88.6°), all these three microchannel surface with non-uniform wettability manifested a better heat transfer performance. The critical heat fluxes for TS#1 and TS#3 were increased by 61% and 35% compared with BS, while the maximum heat transfer coefficients were increased by 2.3 and 6 times. The bubble dynamics on the heated microchannel surfaces was visualized with a high speed camera. It was found that the surface property of non-uniform wettability can postpone bubble column coalescence, thus the gaps among bubble columns can provide the effective routes for the liquid supplementary to the heated surface, avoiding the occurrence of dry-out and enhancing the critical heat flux.

A series of new composite adsorbents with different MWCNT mass embedded zeolite 13X/MgCl₂ composite adsorbents were prepared, and the adsorption performance、desorption performance and thermal conductivity were measured. The experimental results show: Under the condition of the closed system in the 200℃, the residual adsorption of the new composite adsorbent decreases with the increase of the MWCNT content. And the residual adsorption of 13X is 2 times of 13X/MgCl₂/MWCNT(CNT-5). The addition of MWCNT does not have noticeable influence on adsorption capacity at ambient temperature. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of CNT-5 could reach 0.52 and 0.38 g·g^-1 in the open and closed system, respectively. And they were 2.2 and 1.6 times of 13X which equilibrium adsorption capacity is 0.24 g·g^-1.The new composite adsorbent can desorb more water vapor. The thermal conductivity of the new composite adsorbent increases with the increase of MWCNT content, the thermal conductivity of CNT-5 can reach 0.265 W·m^-1·K^-1, which is 4.9 times of the 13X's thermal conductivity.

This research aims at analyzing the physical structure of CO₂ microchannel evaporator and the fluidity of CO₂ at two-phase segment and overheat segment. Based on the finite element analysis and the method of segmentation study, the researcher established the microchannel two-dimensional distribution model. The model simulation show that pressure drop mainly happens at the junction of header pipe and flat tube. Pressure drops more at overheat segment than at two-phase segment. Influence of evaporating pressure to the pressure drop of CO₂ at flat tube is small. Boundary line between two-phase segment and overheat segment shifts right, when the CO₂ flow rate increases and the pressure drop grows. Comparative analysis of simulation and experimental results show the error is within 10%, which verifies the reliability of the established model.

The deactivation mechanism of TS-1 used in the organic solvent-free cyclohexanone ammoximation based on ceramic membrane reactor was investigated. The framework structure, crystal parameters, specific surface area and pore volume and the major composition of organic, of fresh and deactivated TS-1 zeolites were examined by XRD, FT-IR, N₂ adsorption, TGA/DSC and GC-MS techniques. The results have shown that the dissolution of silicon has taken place in the reaction system, but the topological structure and crystal volume of deactivated TS-1 zeolite remained almost the same to the fresh one. The catalyst deactivation was mainly due to the adsorption of cyclohexanone, cyclohexanone oxime and by-product on the surface and channel of TS-1 zeolite, and because of this, the specific surface area of TS-1 catalysts decreased by 52.6% and the pore volume decreased by 41.6%. The catalyst activity can be recovered by air calcination at 600℃ for 3 h.

Electrochemical hydrodechlorination of 2-chloro-5-trichloromethylpyridine (TCMP) for the synthesis of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine (CCMP) or 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine (CMP) has important application in preparation of imidacloprid. Feasibility of electrochemical hydrodechlorination of TCMP to CCMP or CMP was first investigated in a weak acidic solvent mixture of methanol, acetic acid and water. Then, influence of cathode material and catholyte composition on electrochemical hydrodechlorination was studied. Finally, influence of supporting catholyte and anolyte on cell voltage and influence of current density and TCMP concentration on efficiency of electrochemical hydrodechlorination were investigated in a plate and frame cell. The experimental results show that: TCMP can be selectively hydrodechlorinated to CMP on a silver mesh cathode in the weak acidic solvent mixture, which cathode material with CMP production rate from high to low is silver, copper, zinc, lead, titanium, graphite, and nickel. Cell voltage is decreased substantially when lithium acetate (CH₃COOLi) and sulfuric acid are used to replace tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as supporting cantholyte and anolyte. Efficiency of electrochemical hydrodechlorination is increased by reducing current density and raising initial concentration of TCMP. Under optimized condition (catholyte: 0.2 mol·L^-1 CH₃COOLi in 10%(vol) CH₃COOH and 5%(vol) methanol aqueous solution. Cathode silver mesh, current density 333 A·m^-2, temperature 30℃). 0.2 mol·L^-1 TCMP is hydrodechlorinated to CMP with yield of 91% at current efficiency of 54% and cell voltage of 3.0 V.

Silica-anchored organotin catalysts has been synthesized by a new synthetic scheme. It involves the synthesis of organotin-silane during the preparation of organotin using inorganic SnCl₄ as tin precursor, which was then ahchored on the silicas for the transesterification of DMC with phenol to diphenyl carbonate. A series of silica supports containing different silanols were obtained by different preparations along with different treatments. TG and ICP characterizations showed that the Sn loading of the catalyst had positive correlation with the silanol content of the silica support. ²⁹Si MAS NMR measurements indicated that the prepared catalysts possessed many T² and T³ species, which was in favor of the stability. The more silanol the silica support contained, the more Sn the catalyst supported, and the more active the catalyst would be. Sn-MSiO₂, the catalyst with the mesoporous silica support, exhibited the best catalytic performance: with a reaction temperature of 150—180℃ for 9 h, and a catalyst amount of 1.0 g, the phenol conversion and the transesterification selectivity reached 50.4% and 99.9%, respectively; in recycle test with a catalyst amount of 0.5 g, the phenol conversion decreased from 41.2% to 35.0% after five runs. Sn leaching was the main reason for the decline of catalytic activity.

Lithium uptake from brine has attracted great interest in recent years. An adsorption and membrane separation coupling system used for recovery lithium from brine with high ratio of magnesium to lithium. Lithium ion sieve H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄(HMO) was obtained from o-LiMnO₂ which was prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis and its adsorption property in Qarham brine was studied. The results showed that the particle size of HMO was between 100 to 500 nm and its adsorption capacity of Li⁺ in brine reached 31.44 mg·g^-1. Ceramic membrane with pore size of 50 nm showed the highest permeation flux (150 L·m^-2·h^-1) and 100% rejection of lithium ion sieves. During the adsorption-membrane continue process, the extraction rate of lithium was more than 97%, and backflushing could effectively enhance the membrane filtration process. The fouled ceramic membrane was recovered with HCl and H₂O₂ solution. The results implied that the adsorption-membrane separation hybrid system could be used for lithium extraction from brine with high Mg/Li ratio, and had a good application prospect.

Big temperature difference between the overhead and bottom of the dividing wall column (DWC) limited the application of vapor recompression technology into DWC for separating wide boiling mixture, so the DWC with vapor recompression at side product stage scheme is investigated in this paper. With the aid of CGCC profiles, the phase of stream withdrawn from side product stage can be determined, and the corresponding VRC assisted DWC schemes can be achieved. Simulation results for wide boiling mixture separation show that the proposed schemes have high energy efficiency under large vapor and liquid flow rate in the main column.

To solve the problem that direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process presents a low distillate flux and membrane fouling, a new form of membrane distillation module has been designed in the paper. Sucrose solution was used as feed solution in the experiments. The effect of various parameters on the performance of DCMD process was investigated. The parameters included the packing density of the module Φ, the membrane aeration amount q, the concentration c and temperature T₀ of feed solution. The results indicated that with the increase of the packing density of module Φ and membrane aeration amount q, the DCMD flux increased first, then gradually decreased. Φ and q had optimal value, respectively. The DCMD flux decreased gradually with the increase of c, but increased with the increase of T₀. For a constant concentration (30%) feed, when the DCMD process ran 330 min, compared to the process without membrane aeration, membrane aeration made the initial flux J_initial increased 24.7%, the decay rate of flux ΔJ decreased more than 55.0%, the continuous running time t₀ for maintaining high flux lengthened 4 times. The hot feed of DCMD process was aerated by PVDF membrane, on the one hand, to promote the heat and mass transfer of process, thus to intensify the separation performance of process, on the other hand, to control effectively the concentration polarization of process, thus to delay the membrane fouling process. The study was helpful to promote the engineering application of DCMD technique.

The separation efficiencies were compared under different vortex finder lengths, thickness and flow rates in a small hydrocyclone with the diameter of 50 mm, and the optimal insertion depth, wall thickness of the vortex finder and flow rate were obtained by using the method of orthogonal design. In addition, the influence of vortex finders with tube-in-tube structure in the hydrocyclone on the separation efficiency was investigated. Finally, the relationship between the split ratio and separation efficiency was analyzed on the basis of the optimal structure for the vortex finder. The experimental results show that the cylindrical part of the hydrocyclone plays an important preliminary separation role. For the separation of fine particles, a thin vortex finder which is extended to the junction between the cylindrical and the conical parts is beneficial to the separation efficiency. The results show that the optimum proportion of the vortex finder insertion depth to the hydrocyclone diameter in the small hydrocyclone is bigger than those in the big ones, and it is indicated that there is a remarkable difference of separation between them.

Selective leaching of arsenic and copper in copper smelting dust (referred to as “soot”) was investigated by Na₂S-NaOH leaching process with assistance of glow discharge plasma. Results showed that glow discharge plasma could enhance alkaline leaching capacity. The corresponding leaching ratios of arsenic and copper were reached to 92.52% and 7.76% at condition of 10 min discharge time, 500 W discharge power, 150 Pa discharge pressure, and 0.9 cm plate spacing. The leaching process reduced arsenic and copper content in soot from 7.11% to 0.45% and from 2.62% to 2.42%, respectively. XPS, XRD, and speciation analysis of heavy metals indicated that glow discharge plasma was able to oxidize As(Ⅲ) to As(Ⅴ) and Cu(Ⅰ) to Cu(Ⅱ), which As(Ⅴ) was more easily leached than As(Ⅲ) under alkaline condition. In conclusion, glow discharge plasma assisted Na₂S-NaOH leaching process proves to be an efficient way of removing both arsenic and copper from soot so the soot can be further utilized after toxic content reduction.

Cd²⁺ ion imprinted polymer (MFA-IIP) was synthesized by inverse suspension copolymerization of modified fulvic acid monomer. Adsorption study showed that adsorption kinetics of MFA-IIP to Cd²⁺ is in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient of 0.9977. The adsorption of heavy metal ions on MFA-IIP polymer thermodynamically follows single-molecule surface Langmuir adsorption model. In presence of competitive Pb²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions, the polymer exhibited strong selection and recognition to template ion with relative selectivity coefficient of Cd²⁺/Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺/Cr³⁺ at 4.32 and 13.47, respectively. When other metal ions with different valences existed in aqueous solution, selective recognition of MFA-IIP polymer to Cd²⁺ would be much more obvious.

The new chemically modified lignin was prepared based on straw by pretreament, phenolation, polycondensation, chloration, amination and quaternarization reaction and was analyzed though FTIR, SEM and TG-DSC. The adsorption effects of the initial concentration of AuCl₄^-, adsorption time and concentration of hydrochloric acid on AuCl₄^- were investigated. Furthermore, the mechanism of adsorption was explored. The results indicated that chemically modified straw lignin was of excellent thermal stability below 217℃ and had plenty of primary amines and hydroxyls. The maximum adsorption capacity was 784.50 mg·g^-1 when the initial concentration of AuCl₄^- was 8.0 mmol·L^-1, the equilibrium adsorption time was 600 min when the initial concentration of AuCl₄^- was 1.0 mmol·L^-1 and the adsorption ratio was 98% when the concentration of hydrochloric acid was 0.5 mol·L^-1 and the initial concentration of AuCl₄^- was 1.0 mmol·L^-1. Equilibrium experiments and kinetics studies fitted well with the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. Finally, the AuCl₄^- was reduced from hydrochloric acid medium in the form of Au(0) by phenolic hydroxyl.

In actual refinery operations, change of feedstock properties and adjustment of production load often lead to change of hydrogen consumption in hydrogenation units. An optimization model was proposed for hydrogen network with fixed structure and intermediate headers, which was consisted of hydrogen supply units, hydrogen utility headers, intermediate headers, compressors, hydrogenation units, fuel system, and established interconnections. Adding an intermediate header with pressure of 1600 psi into conventional hydrogen network could eliminate one standby backup compressor for hydrogenation unit, which capital cost of the backup compressor was saved during design stage and compressor deployment was optimized. Optimization of the hydrogen system with an intermediate header yielded flowrate distribution of different streams and start-stop strategy of compressors under three scenarios of normal, high, and low production loads of hydrogenation unit, which achieved targets of operation optimization for multi-scenario hydrogen network.

A fault detection method, i.e., multistage multiway kernel entropy component analysis (MsMKECA) was proposed on the basis of nonlinearity and multistage characteristics of batch process. First, in order to divide a batch process into multiple stages, a matrix similarity stage division method was constructed from correlation matrixes of the time-series kernel entropy components. Then, a batch-variable 3-D unfolding technique was introduced to build MKECA model in each stage and to monitor operations in each stage of the batch process, which overcame on-line monitoring impediments of requiring estimation on future values by conventional batch-wise unfolding technique. Simulation study on penicillin fermentation process showed that the proposed method can offer much faster fault detection than traditional MKECA.

Full process simulation and critical parameter optimization were performed on sulfolane extractive distillation (ED), based on sulfolane/arene phase equilibrium data and NRTL-RK thermodynamic method. With consideration of multiple variables and their interactions, a coordinative optimization strategy was further proposed from iterative optimization of local coupling parameters. In order to improve modeling accuracy, missing parameters in NRTL-RK database were augmented through literature data regression and Aspen Plus property estimation. At given separation specifications, energy consumption and separation efficiency were simulated through adjusting critical operating parameters. The results show that when extractive distillation column (EDC) and solvent recovery column (SRC) were operated at pressure of 0.17 MPa and 0.05 MPa, respectively, the optimum EDC operating conditions were lean solvent temperature at 100℃ and feed location of saturated crude vapor at 50^th stage whereas the optimum SRC operating conditions were reflux ratio at 0.33, feed location at 6^th stage, and stripping water load at 2853 kg·h^-1. After optimization, energy saving is significant with minimum heat consumption reduced from 1.158 GJ·t^-1 to 0.802 GJ·t^-1.

A novel soft sensor method based on slow feature regression (SFR) was proposed for industrial process with nonlinear and dynamic characteristics. First, a dynamic dataset was built by adding time-delay data and information redundancy was reduced by selecting variables according to mutual information maximization criteria. Then, kernel function was introduced into slow feature analysis(SFA)to improve capability of processing nonlinear data and the kernel slow features were used for regression. Through analysis of sample variation, kernel slow feature analysis(KSFA)could extract components with slowly varying dynamics, characterize trend of industrial process effectively, and improve precision of regression modelling. Finally, effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method were verified by soft sensor model of constant top oil dry point and constant first line dropping point in atmospheric tower.

Considered high nonlinearity and large transient variation, a PLSR-adaptive deep belief network (PLSR-ADBN) was proposed for prediction of total phosphorus (TP) in effluent of wastewater treatment process (WWTP). The PLSR-ADBN was an improved DBN, a deep learning model. First, an adaptive learning rate was introduced into the unsupervised pre-training stage of DBN so as to accelerate convergence rate. Secondly, PLSR was used to replace gradient fine-tuning method in conventional DBN for improving prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, a Lyapunov function was constructed to prove convergence of the PLSR-ADBN learning process. Finally, the proposed PLSR-ADBN was applied to an actual TP prediction in WWTP. The experimental results show that the method has a fast convergence rate and a high prediction accuracy, which can meet the demands for TP detection accuracy and WWTP operating efficiency.

A combined heating, power and biogas (CHPB) system driven by internal-combustion engine was proposed, in order to relieve environmental problem and the sharply increase of energy demand and domestic waste in rural areas. The system could reduce domestic waste and supply heating, power and biogas all the year around through the anaerobic digestion, internal-combustion and air-source heat pump techniques. The all operation mathematical model of the system was constructed. The system thermal performance and energy balance of supply and demand were analyzed for 5 new rural residences in Lanzhou city, about 226.8 m² of each, as a case study. The results showed that the building loads of new rural construction, of which the heating load differs greatly between summer and winter and the power load fluctuations significantly all day long, are different from that of commercial building. The power load characteristics is not benefit for following the electrical load. The yearly average primary energy rate (PER) of the system is 37.85% considering the transformation efficiency from biomass to biogas in the anaerobic digestion, heat transfer efficiency and generation efficiency of thermal power plant. The yearly average primary energy saving (PES) index is 17.12% comparing with the conventional system in cold area of Northwest China. The results can provide theoretical basis for system scale application and promote the construction of the beautiful countryside.

A modified AdaBoost algorithm with updating sample weight by dual threshold technique was proposed to model a soft sensor for estimating 4-CBA concentration, which could not be measured on-line in PX oxidation process. In this method, weak learners of BP neural networks were trained by part of samples selected by their weights and roulette wheel mechanism. The absolute values of last round training relative errors in weak learners were adopted to update weights of all training samples. Then, a second round updating on sample weights were completed by the product of original sample value and its weighting factor, which was defined by ratio of error range over dual thresholds. In the second updating process, weights were decreased for samples with gross errors but were increased for those with medium error. Consequently, probability of selecting outliers was reduced in following iteration of the training process. Five different methods were applied to model soft sensor of 4-CBA concentration with industrial data. Simulation results showed that the modified AdaBoost algorithm can improve soft sensor performance of 4-CBA concentration with predicting error less than that of other models.

To reduce liquid film pressure loss in liquid flow divergent zone between sealing surfaces and to improve sealing performance, structure of circumferential beveled-step was introduced into rectangular section spiral groove and corresponding physical model was established. Based on the JFO cavitation model, effects of bevel angle ratio on liquid film pressure distribution, cavitation occurrence, and liquid film hydrodynamic performance were studied at different groove depths. When bevel angle ratio was below 1/30, liquid film pressures of downstream and upstream pumping liquid film seals along circumferential and spiral line direction were enhanced rapidly but cavitation area ratio was dropped sharply, which was more significant for upstream pumping seals. With the increase of bevel angle ratio, leading edge pressure at liquid film rupture showed an increasing trend and trailing edge pressure at liquid film reformation showed opposite trend, but cavitation area ratio increased first and decreased later. The increase of groove depth contributed to the increase of liquid film pressure and the decrease of cavitation area ratio. When groove depth ranged from 8 to 12 μm and bevel angle ratio ranged from 0.1 to 0.3, the load-carrying capacities of both liquid film seals reached to peak values with about 13.5% maximum amplification for the former and about 28% for the latter, whereas increase of friction torque was smaller with about 4.6% maximum amplification. The leakage change along with the increase of bevel angle ratio was similar to the load-carrying capacity.

Amine-functionalized ionic liquid, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ([NH₂-emim]Br), was synthesized from 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide and N-methyl imidazole salt at reflux condition and characterized by ¹H NMR and IR. Viscosity, electric conductivity and saturated carbon dioxide solubility in [NH₂-emim]Br ionic liquid measured at 25℃ were 26.691 Pa·s, 0.1130 mS·cm^-1 and 82% by molar ratio, respectively. Binary ionic liquid composites of [NH₂-emim]Br/[Emim]BF₄, [NH₂-emim]Br/[Bmim]BF₄, and [NH₂-emim]Br/[Bmim]PF₆ were prepared at different mass ratios and used for electrochemical reduction of CO₂. The results of cyclic voltammetry at room temperature showed that peak current of CO₂ reduction in [NH₂-emim]Br (0.5%)-[Bmim]BF₄ was increased about 9 times than that in [Bmim]BF₄ and reduction peak potential was shifted positively by 0.4 V. With viscosity decrease to 0.08227 Pa·s and electrical conductivity increase to 1.317 mS·cm^-1, the binary ionic liquid composite is a good ionic liquid system for CO₂ electrochemical reduction.

Ionic liquids, which have unique, modulated molecular structure and excellent physicochemical properties, are applied to study the structural stability of protein. In the present study, insulin was selected as a heat sensitive protein medicine in order to investigate the bioactive structural stability of protein in ionic liquids with different mass fractions of water by using molecular dynamics simulation and microcalorimetry. In order to analyze thoroughly the relationship between the content of water molecules and the protein stability, the interaction energy between the ionic liquids and the insulin was calculated. Finally, the experimental results show that the thermal denaturation temperature of insulin is more than 68℃ when the mass fraction of water is less than 25.00%. Moreover, in the hydrated ionic liquids at the water content as 25.00%, a large number of cations and anions are adsorbed on the surface of insulin owing on the strong electrostatic interaction between the insulin and the ions, which reveals the stabilizing effect of hydrated ionic liquids. Generally, macroscopic experimental study and microscopic dynamics calculation, as attempted by this research, provide a new analytical method to interpret the stabilization mechanism of ionic liquids with different water content for protein.

Anaerobic digestion of excess sludge is the key node to achieve “carbon neural” in wastewater treatment plants. Conventional anaerobic digestion technology is limited by insufficient hydrolysis and low methanogenesis. Therefore, both quantity and quality of the produced methane cannot meet the standard for the practical engineering application because of low biochemical methanogenesis potential (B₀) of waste activated sludge and methanogenesis rate (k). Nanozero valent iron (NZVI) has been considered to have a great application potential in enhancing sludge anaerobic digestion since NZVI addition can lower oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and thus create a more favorable condition for methanogens; NZVI also served as an electron donor to improve methane product rate. In this study, effects of different dosages of NZVI (0,100,300,600,1000 mg·L^-1) on methane production in anaerobic digestion was evaluated based on B₀ and k via first order kinetics. The results demonstrated that NZVI can improve methane production mainly through enhancing refractory organics degradation to improve B₀ rather than methanogensis rate (k).

During the pyrolysis of municipal solid wastes, different components may interact with each other. In order to search the possible interaction on characteristics of tar, starch, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and their mixture at the weight ratio of 1:1 were pyrolyzed at the temperatures of 400, 500 and 600℃. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses were adopted to characterize the collected tar. According to the results, interaction was occurred during the co-pyrolysis of starch and PVC, which enhanced the generation of heavier hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The molecular weight of tar showed an obvious increase of 44%—79%. The interaction was more significant at a higher pyrolysis temperature. The tar derived from mixture showed great similarity with that derived from PVC, indicating that during the co-pyrolysis of starch and PVC, PVC was the dominant contributor with respect to tar formation. In addition, as the pyrolysis temperature arose from 400 to 600℃, the yield and homogeneity of tar both decreased while the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavier hydrocarbons increased. Therefore, the co-pyrolysis and high pyrolysis temperature both contributed to yield less tar, but the tar was more difficult to handle with.

Influence of carbon chain length of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) on product distribution in catalytic cracking process was investigated in a fixed-bed microreactor at various temperatures. Octanoic acid methyl ester (OAME), decanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) and lauric acid methyl ester (LAME) were used as feeds, meanwhile LVR-60 was selected as catalyst. Results showed that with the increase of carbon number of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), the conversion of FAME increased. Moreover, the content of CO and CO₂ from the deoxygenation of FAME and content of hydrocarbons in the liquid product had similar trends, while the content of oxygen-containing compound (OCC) in liquid product decreased. In addition, raising reaction temperature was beneficial for the conversion of FAME, resulting in more hydrocarbons and lower oxygen-containing compound (OCC) content in liquid product. At lower temperature, CO₂ was the main product of deoxygenation, and aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acids and ketones were the main organic oxygenated compounds generated from catalytic cracking of FAME. However, at higher temperature, liquid products contained scarcely any organic oxygenated compounds, and CO was the main product of deoxygenation.

The studies of partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) mainly focus on high ammoniacal concentration effiuents. A few research about domestic sewage of low ammonia nitrogen concentration was reported. The domestic sewage was pumped into the UASB reactor after carbon removal and partial nitrification to explore the impact of domestic sewage on mature anammox granular sludge. The results showed that the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N in effluent were below 5 mg·L^-1 and 1 mg·L^-1, respectively when the inflow became domestic sewage. But the NO₃^--N concentration was higher than the theoretical value because the increased dissolved oxygen enhanced nitrification. The color of anammox sludge in UASB reactor changed from light red to dark red. The T-EPS content of sludge decreased and the PN/PS value increased from 1.13 to 3.66. The settleability of the sludge turned better. The percentage of Candidatus Brocadia bacteria in the sludge decreased from 17.7% to 14.4%. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria contents in the sludge increased. If dissolved oxygen into the UASB reactor can be reduced, the NO₃^--N concentration in effluent may decrease and total nitrogen removal efficiency may be higher.

An upflow microaerobic sludge reactor (UMSR) has previously been constructed to treat manure-free piggery wastewater with high NH₄⁺-N and low COD/TN ratio, and illustrated a well synchronous removal of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN at 23℃ with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) 8.0 h and an effluent reflux ratio 45:1. To decrease the cost of wastewater treatment, effect of lower temperature on the performance of the UMSR was investigated in the present study. With the same HRT and effluent reflux ratio, the temperature in the UMSR was decreased from 20℃ to 17℃ and then to 15℃ stage by stage. The results showed that the drop of temperature had no observable effect on COD removal in the UMSR, which remained above 60% throughout the operation. However, the lower temperature showed a remarkable effect on nitrogen removal. When the USBR got steady in performance at 20℃, the NH₄⁺-N and TN removal reached 98.9% and 79.8%, respectively. Since the temperature dropped to 15℃, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal in the USBR was decreased to 61.8% and 39.7%, respectively. At 17℃, the COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal averaged 62.4%, 80.7% and 71.2%. The effluent COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN of 71, 55.5 and 80.7 mg·L^-1, respectively, well met the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB 18596—2001). It was found that complete nitrification-denitrification, shortcut nitrification-denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) coexisted in the UMSR. Among the denitrification processes, ANAMMOX was the most important approach for NH₄⁺-N and TN removal, and had not been changed by the dropped temperature.

To treat high ammonia nitrogen wastewater efficiently and low costly, achieving and stabilizing autotrophic nitrogen removal in biology aerated filter (BAF) were studied. The obtained results showed that autotrophic nitrogen removal was achieved through the combination of batch and continuous operation in the BAF with volcanics as filter, using the second pond reflux sludge as seeding sludge. During batch operation, the activity of seeding sludge was recovered. During the continuous operation, high free ammonia (FA) concentration inhibited the growth of nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB). Through recycling the effluent of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) biofilter, very slight of Anammox bacteria was inoculated in BAF. After 80 days operation, autotrophic nitrogen removal was achieved. From the 140th day, the removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) approach to 76.62%, and it can be stable all the time. Since aerobic and anoxic environment occurred in different depth of biofilm, ammonia oxidation bacteria (AOB) and Anammox bacteria can coexist in biofilm. Meanwhile, the filtration of volcanics can prevent Anammox bacteria from flowing out of BAF, making the enrichment of Anammox in the system of autotrophic nitrogen removal. In the meantime, AOB and Anammox as autotrophic bacteria grows slow, preventing the biofilter backwash frequently and simplifying the operation of biofilter. Air and water ratio is one of the key operation parameters in BAF of partial nitrification and Anammox. It was shown that the optimal air and water ratio in this study was 12:1. Accordingly, the removal loading radio of ammonia was 0.91 kg N·m^-3·d^-1. The removal efficiency of ammonia and TN were 96.86% and 85.47%, respectively.

The TG-MS,ICP-OES and in situ DRIFT were used to analyze the release of NO_x precursors in the co-pyrolysis process of Zhun Dong coal mixed with sludge. In this experiment, the different proportion blends of sludge and coal with sludge percentage of 25%, 50% and 75% were tested under the same conditions. The effects of minerals and functional groups on the release of NO_x precursors were investigated. The results indicated that the yields of NH₃ and HCN did not increase with increasing the percentage of sludge in samples, but there was an optimum distribution of 50% to decrease the yields of NO_x precursors in the process of co-pyrolysis. Minerals in Zhun Dong coal and synergistic effect of various functional groups in process of mixed pyrolysis had an inhibitory effect on the release of NO_x precursors.

SiO₂-Al₂O₃ aerogel has been synthesized by sol-gel method followed by vacuum drying from Yanzhou coal gangue. Coal gangue was treated in the sequence of low temperature calcination, acid leaching, alkali-activation and sol-gel method. The physical and chemical characteristics of coal gangue, SiO₂-Al₂O₃ aerogel and the intermediate products during the synthesizing process were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption, and the gelation mechanism of SiO₂-Al₂O₃ was studied. The results showed that both quartz and kaolinite, which were the main constituents of coal gangue, were transformed into amorphous state after alkali-activation. The SiO₂-Al₂O₃ aerogel was an aggregation of amorphous nanoparticles formed by Si-O-Si, Si-O-Al network skeleton. The SiO₂-Al₂O₃ aerogel had a bulk density of 0.37 g·cm^-3, a BET specific surface area of 483 m²·g^-1 and a mesoporous structure with a specific pore volume of 1.87 cm³·g^-1 and an average pore diameter of 10.29 nm with most probable pore size of 9.32 nm.

A novel composite (GO@MIL-101) containing metal organic framework (MIL-101) and graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by hydrothermal method. The effects of GO concentration on the composite morphology and structure were investigated. The doping of GO affected the crystallization of MIL-101 and its integrity reduced with the increase in GO concentration. The crystal size decreased and the agglomeration phenomenon became significant. GO@MIL-101 can be used to remove Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution, and the removal kinetics can be fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum Cr(Ⅵ) uptake capacity obtained by Langmuir adsorption isotherm depended on the GO concentration. When the GO concentration of 2% [based on the mass of Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O] was applied, GO@MIL-101 exhibited higher Cr(Ⅵ) uptake capacity compared to MIL-101 due to its larger specific surface area and pore volume. The removal of Cr(Ⅵ) was accompanied by the release of NO₃^- and the decrease of pH. The charge balance analysis indicated that the removal mechanism involved in the Cr(Ⅵ) removal by MIL-101 and GO@MIL-101 was mainly ion exchange. The removed Cr(Ⅵ) existed in the form of CrO₄^2- in the adsorbent.

In the presence of alkaline catalyst NaOH, natural polymer polysaccharide based cationic starch (CS), the adsorbent for reactive dye, was synthesized by corn starch as raw material and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride as cationic agent. The etherification reaction mechanism was studied and the influences of the reaction conditions on the degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE) were investigated. Structure of the product confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectra (RAM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) indicated that the cationic groups were successfully introduced into corn starch. The results showed that when the DS is 0.12 and the solution pH is 8, the adsorption amounts of the product on reactive red dye 195 and reactive golden yellow dye K-2RA were 21.0 mg·g^-1 and 20.4 mg·g^-1, respectively, and the removal rates were 84.1% and 81.6%, respectively, which were better than those of inorganic adsorption material active carbon. The regeneration property of the CS dye adsorbing material was also investigated. It was found that the CS dye adsorbing material with favorable regeneration performance could use circularly and was expected to be an ideal substitute for inorganic adsorbent and synthetic resin adsorbent applying in the treatment of industrial dye wastewater.

With the advantage of easy to migration, reliable of equipment and high security features, LNG-FPSO has great significance for the development of offshore gas field. The DMR liquefaction process has high efficiency and large capacity, which has obvious advantages under the conditions of stable sea and large amount of gas. The research verified the accuracy of the double mixed refrigerant flow, using the floating DMR experimental device which belongs to CNOOC Gas Electric R & D Center. The article analyzed the sensitivity of the NG's temperature, flow rate, and compressor frequency, and gave an assessment to the maritime adaptation. The experiment showed that the DMR process would be suitable in stable sea condition and mid to large-scale LNG production, and was not sensitive to the changes of gas temperature and pressure, it can effectively reduce the system energy consumption under low load by using inverter compress.

To make the best use of renewable energy, a system of solar-heat pump composite energy was formed by combining solar PV/T collector with heat pump. Switching between the different valves can achieve many operating modes to meet people's need for hot water and heat and cooling. The experiment mainly studied three operating modes: single-air-source heat pump, solar PV/T collector with water-source heat pump, and solar PV/T collector with dual-heat-source heat pump. Indoor temperature, heat capacity, COP, thermal efficiency and electric efficiency were investigated experimentally and analyzed theoretically. Results showed that COP were 2.26, 3.4 and 2.61, respectively, along with average indoor temperature of 15.3, 18.8 and 16.5℃, which can basically meet the need for heating load in winter. The advantage of solar energy and heat pump were made full use and realized energy conservation, which provide some reference for solar and heat pump operation modes in buildings.

Effects of the compressed pressure and fuel concentration on ignition delay of DME mixture were investigated using a rapid compressor at compressed temperature of 656—814 K, compressed pressure of 1.2—3.5 MPa and equivalence ratio (φ) of 0.83—1.25. Kinetics model was built to predict the ignition delay and simulate the combustion process using CHEMKIN-PRO software, meanwhile, reaction kinetics analysis was conducted. The results show that with increasing compressed pressure and fuel concentration, the first-stage ignition delay decreases slightly, while a significant decrease in the total ignition delay is observed. The ignition delay of DME presents well known negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and which is noted to become more prominent at lower compressed pressure and fuel concentration. DME mixture presents three-stage heat release at lean-fuel(φ=0.83), which includes low-temperature heat release and a two-stage high temperature heat release. Kinetics analysis indicates that the first-stage high temperature heat release is mainly caused by the production of CO from CH₂O, and the reactions produce CO₂ and H₂O contribute to the second-stage high temperature heat release.

Serious ash deposition and fouling from the synthetic gas cooler in Shell gasifier was studied. The physicochemical characteristics of samples were investigated by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively to explore the mechanisms of ash accumulation problem. The results showed that the deposition had an obvious layered structure. The inner layer, which presented red color, had the highest degree of crystallization and stiff structure. Its dominant mineral components were calcium sulfate, iron oxide and ferrous sulfide. The middle layer presented yellow color. The amount of Fe and S, the crystallinity and hardness all decreased. The outer layer, which presented grey color and had the lowest amount of Fe and S, was amorphous, soft and porous. The differences of color, hardness and mineral components among three ash layers are due to different interaction of adhesion and sintering as the deposition surface temperature increases with the growth of ash thickness. Ash composition, temperature, reaction atmosphere and pressure are all important factors. And the selective deposition and accumulation of iron-bearing minerals with low melting point in heat transfer surfaces are important sources of initial layer.

In this study, catalytic steam gasification of high ash fusion temperature coal using K₂CO₃ as catalyst was carried out in a pressurized fixed bed. The potassium catalyst recovery was also conducted via wash and digestion by Ca(OH)₂. It turned out that increasing temperature and K₂CO₃ loading enhanced the carbon conversion and CH₄ yield. At 800℃ and loading of 15% K₂CO₃, the carbon conversion reached 96.1% and CH₄ yield was 0.24 m³·(kg C)^-1. The potassium recovery increased to a peak as the carbon conversion rose and then declined, which was more relevant to existing forms of potassium with carbon and ash. By optimizing the conditions of wash and digestion, the potassium recovery in ash with high carbon conversion reached 96.5%.

Hydrolysis of borohydride is one of the major problems leading to a decrease in the fuel efficiency of direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). Co₃O₄ was first used as DBFC anode catalyst and to reduce the hydrolysis reaction by silver plating treatment. Co₃O₄ was prepared by using CoCl₂·6H₂O and silvered on its surface by silver mirror reaction to obtain Co₃O₄@Ag. The physics properties of the catalyst were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical properties were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA) and fuel cell test. The characterizations demonstrate that Ag was successfully introduced into the catalyst system by silver mirror reaction and account for 2% of the Co₃O₄@Ag catalytic material. Electrochemical tests showed that Co₃O₄@Ag had a higher electro-catalytic activity than Co₃O₄. The maximum power density (55 mW·cm^-2) and specific capacity (971 mA·h·g^-1) of fuel cell, which was fabricated by using Co₃O₄@Ag as anode catalyst, increased by 44.7% and 32.1%, respectively than Co₃O₄ at room temperature. The performance of anode catalyst was significantly increased. Ag reflected the synergistic catalytic effect with Co₃O₄ when it inhibited the hydrolysis reaction.

A novel poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene oxide (GO) membrane with an amount of silver carbonate (Ag₂CO₃) deposition was prepared by both the phase-inversion method and the in situ co-precipitation reaction, respectively. The casting solution of Ag₂CO₃@ PVDF/GO membrane (AgC-PGM) is composed of PVDF as the polymer matrix, GO and Ag₂CO₃ powders as additives, PVP -K30 as the pore-forming agent, and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the solvent. The morphology and performances of the AgC-PGM were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle, the BSA rejection and cross flow filtration. Moreover, the separation effect of the lake water was also observed by three-dimensional excitation fluorescence spectrum matrix (3D-EEM). The results indicated that the AgC-PGM exhibited good hydrophilicity and filtering quality, and the pure water flux increased from 132.8 to 237.4 L·m^-2·h^-1, meanwhile the rejection for the BSA solution stabilized around 75% as the GO loading amount to 0.4% (mass), AgNO₃ (5.0 mmol·L^-1)/Na₂CO₃ (2.5 mmol·L^-1) precipitating 3 times. In addition, compared to the PVDF membrane, the 3D-EEM of the lake water shows a better removal effect on the protein pollutant, the removal efficiency of both COD_Mn and UV₂₅₄ separately achieved about 95% and 83% when the AgC-PGM was used to filter the surface water continuously, which has reached to the national primary standard.

Graphene oxide (GO) can be quickly deposited on a positively charged porous matrix via a layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy because GO nanosheets contain rich negatively charged, oxygen-containing function groups, such as COOH. In this paper, the GO-ceramics composite nanofiltration membrane was prepared via layer-by-layer deposition of GO solution and eolyethyleneimine (PEI) solution alternately, and then cross-linked by epoxy chloropropane (ECH) on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified porous Al₂O₃ supports. The optimum preparation conditions were: PEI 5g·L^-1, pH=9; NaCl 0.3 mol·L^-1; GO 0.6 mg·L^-1, pH 4.5; ECH 6.25 ml·L^-1 and heat treatment 50℃/70 min. Under the conditions of 0.6 MPa, when the self-assembly layer number increased from 1 to 4, the rejection to 2 g·L^-1 MgCl₂ were 90.16%, 93.71%, 97.54%, and 92.93% respectively,and the flux of self-assembled monolayer membrane was 21.92 L·m^-2·h^-1. The rejection orders of inorganic salts of GO-ceramics composite nanofiltration membrane were as follows: MgCl₂ >MgSO₄ >NaCl >Na₂SO₄, therefore they showed the typical positively charged nanofiltration membrane characteristics.

In order to adsorb Hg²⁺ in waste water efficiently and quickly, copper-based metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) were prepared using electrochemical method and modified by ethanedithiol to deposit sulfhydryl on it. The SH-Cu-BDC materials obtained were used for adsorbing Hg²⁺ in waste water. The samples modified before and after were characterized with EDS, IR, N₂ adsorption, SEM. The results show that: -SH groups have been connected to the surface of Cu-BDC materials; the modified SH-Cu-BDC materials have micro-porous structure and large specific surface area as well as unique flower structure and evenly distribute antenna shape matter. 10 mg SH-Cu-BDC can absorb about 20 ml Hg²⁺ solution (300 mg·L^-1) at pH=5. The adsorption reaches saturation after 60 min and the maximum capacity (saturated adsorption capacity) is about 585 mg·g^-1. The adsorption of Hg²⁺ on SH-Cu-BDC is monolayer and follows quasi-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Regeneration experiment shows that SH-Cu-BDC may reuse.

Using 1-pentene as one of the monomers, Ziegler-Natta catalyst as catalyst, 1-pentene/1-octene/1-dodecene terpolymer was synthesized by solvent polymerzation. The terpolymer was characterized by ¹³C NMR, FT-IR and XRD. The drag reduction efficiency of the terpolymer was evaluated by an indoor loop pipeline experimental apparatus. The Box-Behnken mathematical relational model between drag reduction rate and affecting factors was established, and the technology of preparing terpolymer was optimized. The optimum preparation conditions were: 0.07 ml 1-pentene, dodecene:octene=4, 0.07 g main catalyst, 0.4 ml cocatalyst, when the dosage of the terpolymer is 10×10^-6, the drag reduction rate is 59.79%. The order of main factors affecting the drag reduction rate was: 1-pentene >cocatalyst >catalyst >dodecene:octene in the range of the experiment selected. The combined influence of the factors was also outstanding. The crystallinity of synthetic terpolymer was significantly decreased due to the introduction of 1-pentene, the solubleness was much better than 1-octene/1-dodecene bipolymer, and the drag reduction rate was improved.

The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) pendant on the dispersion robustness of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCEs) toward montmorillonite was studied via cement paste test and concrete experiment. Compared with conventional PCEs only with PEO chains, the negative effect of montmorillonite on the spread flow of cement paste containing PCEs with β-CD as pendants was weakened. When montmorillonite (1.0%, by mass of sand) was present, the dosage increment of PCEs with β-CD pendants to achieve the same spread flow of concrete as that in the absence of montmorillonite was decreased, the compressive strength decrement of concrete containing PCEs with β-CD pendants became reduced. These results demonstrated that PCEs with β-CD as pendants displayed enhanced robustness toward montmorillonite, which was attributed to β-CD pendant groups based on adsorption measurement. Due to the steric hindrance instigated from its rigid structure of hollow truncated cone, β-CD pendants would decrease the adsorption amount of PCEs on clay by hindering the sorption of polycarboxylate polymers on the surfaces of montmorillonite, leading to enhanced clay tolerance.

To study the unexpected interfusion of crystalloid sensitizer on the safety of emulsion explosive, Dewar test was employed for studying the influence of crystalloid sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) on the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate (AN), emulsion (ANE), and emulsion explosive (EE). The results show that when adding 10 g NaNO₂ into 400 g samples, the threshold temperature of samples are AN 40—45℃, EE 45—50℃, and ANE >100℃. The critical adding amounts of NaNO₂ for AN, EE and ANE are 1 g, 2 g and 10 g, respectively. The order of their thermal stability is accordingly as follows: AN< EE< ANE. The increasing water content in sample is helpful for the thermal stability of the sample systems with mixed NaNO₂.