咪唑二氰胺离子液体掺混糠醇的自燃及推进性能

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20240102

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用落滴法对比了三种咪唑二氰胺离子液体分别掺混糠醇的自燃特性，使用高速相机和红外相机同步获得了燃料自燃过程的宏观、微观及红外图像；从液面下方拍摄了液滴与液池的混合反应过程。实验观察到了典型的三阶段自燃现象：铺展混合、气相产物生成及火核出现-火焰传播，使用着火延迟时间对燃料的自燃活性进行了定量表征，并计算了糠醇比例对混合燃料推进性能的影响。结果表明，糠醇添加可以显著降低混合燃料黏度，促进燃料与氧化剂的混合，加速自燃过程高温气雾产物的出现。混合燃料的着火延迟时间随糠醇添加比例非单调变化，着火延迟最短的掺混比随液滴速度的增加而增大；混合燃料推进性能受糠醇添加的影响较小。本研究可为自燃离子液体推进剂的开发及利用提供参考。

关键词: 离子液体, 糠醇, 自燃, 着火延迟时间, 比冲, 黏度, 燃料

Abstract:

Droplet tests were performed to study the hypergolic ignition characteristics of three imidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids blending with different proportions of furfuryl alcohol. Two high-speed cameras and an infrared camera were used to synchronously obtain macroscopic, microscopic, and infrared images of the fuel hypergolic process. The coalescence and reaction process of droplets and liquid pools beneath the liquid surface was also captured. A typical three-stage hypergolic process was observed in the experiments: spreading and mixing, gas-phase products generation, and occurrence of flame kernel and flame propagation. Ignition delay time were defined to quantitatively characterize the hypergolic reactivity. The results showed that the addition of furfuryl alcohol can effectively reduce the viscosity of the fuel blends, promoting the mixing of fuel and oxidant, accelerating the emergence of high-temperature gas-phase and foggy products. Ignition delay times of the blends changed nonmonotonically with the proportion of the furfuryl alcohol, and the proportion leading to the shortest ignition delay increased with the droplet velocity. Propulsion performance of the fuel blends is only less affected by the addition of furfuryl alcohol. This research can be a valuable reference for the development and utilization of hypergolic ionic liquid propellants.

Key words: ionic liquid, furfuryl alcohol, hypergolic, ignition delay time, specific impulse, viscosity, fuel

中图分类号:

TK48

武颖韬, 费立涵, 孔祥东, 王帜, 汤成龙, 黄佐华. 咪唑二氰胺离子液体掺混糠醇的自燃及推进性能[J]. 化工学报, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240102.

Yingtao WU, Lihan FEI, Xiangdong KONG, Zhi WANG, Chenglong TANG, Zuohua HUANG. Hypergolic ignition characteristics and propulsion performance of imidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids blended with furfuryl alcohol[J]. CIESC Journal, DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20240102.

图/表 9

表 1 燃料分子结构及室温下物性参数［16， 25， 28］

Table 1 Fuel molecular structures and physical properties at room temperature［16， 25， 28］

燃料	ρ /gcm^-3	黏度/mPas	σ (mN/m)	ΔH_f (kJ/mol)
[AMIM][DCA]	1.1	11.2	52.8	382.0
[BMIM][DCA]	1.1	36.0	42.1	266.5
[EMIM][DCA]	1.1	16.0	49.7	258.6
FA	1.1	5.3	38.0	-179.8

图 1 落滴法实验装置示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic of the droplet test setups

图2 三种离子液体/FA混合燃料黏度曲线

Fig. 2 Viscosity curves of the three ionic liquids/FA blends

图 3 纯[BMIM][DCA]与WFNA自燃反应过程

Fig. 3 The hypergolic process of pure [BMIM][DCA] reacting with WFNA

图4 不同离子液体/FA混合燃料自燃过程对比

Fig. 4 Comparison on the hypergolic processes of different ironic liquids/FA blends

图5 纯[BMIM][DCA]与Vf = 0.5的[BMIM][DCA]/FA混合燃料自燃前期液面下图像

Fig. 5 Morphology of pure [BMIM][DCA] and 50%FA/50%[BMIM][DCA] blend in the early stage of hypergolic ignition beneath the liquid surface

图6 三种离子液体/FA混合燃料IDT

Fig. 6 The IDTs of the three ionic liquids/FA blends

表 2 不同混合燃料的推进性能参数

Table 2 Propulsion performance parameters of different fuel blends

燃料	C* / m·s^-1	C_F	I_vac/ m·s^-1	I_sp/ m·s^-1
[AMIM][DCA], V_f=0.00	1534.7	1.8236	2893.0	2798.8
[AMIM][DCA], V_f=0.25	1529.2	1.8260	2887.4	2792.3
[AMIM][DCA], V_f=0.50	1523.6	1.8284	2881.6	2785.7
[AMIM][DCA], V_f=0.75	1517.7	1.8310	2875.7	2778.9
[BMIM][DCA], V_f=0.00	1539.5	1.8257	2905.9	2810.8
[BMIM][DCA], V_f=0.25	1533.3	1.8275	2897.7	2802.0
[BMIM][DCA], V_f=0.50	1526.6	1.8294	2889.0	2792.7
[BMIM][DCA], V_f=0.75	1519.4	1.8314	2879.7	2782.7
[EMIM][DCA], V_f=0.00	1531.3	1.8243	2887.7	2793.6
[EMIM][DCA], V_f=0.25	1526.6	1.8266	2883.4	2788.4
[EMIM][DCA], V_f=0.50	1521.8	1.8288	2878.9	2783.1
[EMIM][DCA], V_f=0.75	1516.8	1.8312	2874.4	2777.6
FA	1511.7	1.8336	2869.6	2771.9

图7 三种离子液体/FA混合燃料Ivac损失率

Fig. 7 The decreasing rate of the Ivac for the three ionic liquids/FA blends

参考文献 34

1	Salvador C A V, Costa F S. Vaporization lengths of hydrazine fuels burning with NTO [J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2006, 22(6): 1362-1372.
2	Kulkarni S G, Bagalkote V S, Patil S S, et al. Theoretical evaluation and experimental validation of performance parameters of new hypergolic liquid fuel blends with red fuming nitric acid as oxidizer [J]. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2009, 34(6): 520-525.
3	Pichon S, Catoire L, Chaumeix N, et al. Search for green hypergolic propellants: Gas-phase ethanol/nitrogen tetroxide reactivity [J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2005, 21(6): 1057-1061.
4	Phillip J, Youngblood S, Grubelich M, et al. Development and testing of a nitrous-oxide/ethanol bi-propellant rocket engine [J]. AIAA 2016-5092. 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. July 2016.
5	Pasini A, Torre L, Pace G, et al. Pulsed chemical rocket with green high performance propellants [J]. AIAA 2013-3756. 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. July 2013.
6	Schneider S, Hawkins T, Rosander M, et al. Ionic liquids as hypergolic fuels [J]. Energy & Fuels, 2008, 22(4): 2871-2872.
7	Kelkar M S, Maginn E J. Effect of temperature and water content on the shear viscosity of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as studied by atomistic simulations [J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2007, 111(18): 4867-4876.
8	Zhang Q, Shreeve J N M. Energetic ionic liquids as explosives and propellant fuels: a new journey of ionic liquid chemistry [J]. Chemical Reviews, 2014, 114(20): 10527-10574.
9	Zhang Y, Shreeve J N M. Dicyanoborate-based ionic liquids as hypergolic fluids [J]. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2011, 50(4): 935-937.
10	黄实. 新型高能低毒液体推进剂的合成及点火性能研究 [D]; 中国工程物理研究院, 2016.
	Huang S. Study on the synthesis and ignition performance of a new type of high-energy and low toxicity liquid propellant [D]. China Academy of Engineering Physics, 2016.
11	Sutton G P. History of liquid propellant rocket engines [M]. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Alexandria, VA,. 2006: 215-217.
12	Liu Y, Guo Y, Fei L H, et al. Experimental study on hypergolic ignition and non-ignition for dicyanamide-based ionic liquids at low impact velocity conditions [J]. Energetic Materials Frontiers, 2021, 2(4): 241-248.
13	He L, Tao G H, Parrish D A, et al. Nitrocyanamide-based ionic liquids and their potential applications as hypergolic fuels [J]. Chemistry – A European Journal, 2010, 16(19): 5736-5743.
14	Newsome D A, Vaghjiani G L, Sengupta D. An ab initio based structure property relationship for prediction of ignition delay of hypergolic ionic liquids [J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2015, 40(5): 759-764.
15	Khomik S V, Usachev S V, Medvedev S P, et al. Ignition characteristics of hypergolic fuels with various N-substituents [J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37(3): 3311-3317.
16	Li J, Weng X, Tang C, et al. The ignition process measurements and performance evaluations for hypergolic ionic liquid fuels: [EMIm][DCA] and [BMIm][DCA] [J]. Fuel, 2018, 215: 612-618.
17	杜增晖, 孙策, 李钰潼, 等. 咪唑二氰胺类离子液体在白色发烟硝酸中自燃特性的实验研究 [J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2022, 56(04): 13-22.
	Du Z H, Sun C, Li Y T, et al. Experimental study on hypergolic characteristics of lmidazolium dicyanamide lonic liquids in white fuming nitric acid[J]. Journal of xi'an jiaotong university, 2022, 56(04): 13-22.
18	翁欣妍, 杜宗罡, 于君, 等. 含BH_3(CN)BH_2(CN)~-阴离子的离子液体自着火过程的实验研究 [J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(07): 557-564.
	Weng X Y, Du Z G, Yu J, et al. Experimental study of hypergolic process of lonic liquids with BH₃(CN) BH (CN)^- Anion[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2018, 26(07): 557-564.
19	王镜淇, 张星, 陈雪娇, 等. 与硝基氧化剂快速自燃的绿色燃料研究进展 [J]. 宇航总体技术, 2022, 6(03): 40-48.
	Wang J Q, Zhang X, Chen X J, et al. Investigation of nitro-oxidizers based green hypergolic fuels with superior low lgnition delay[J]. Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology, 2022, 6(03): 40-48.
20	Munjal N L. Ignition catalysts for furfuryl alcohol - red fuming nitric acid bipropellant [J]. AIAA JOURNAL, 1970, 8(5): 980-981.
21	Kulkarni S G, Bagalkote V S. Studies on pre-ignition reactions of hydrocarbon-based rocket fuels hypergolic with red fuming nitric acid as oxidizer [J]. Journal of Energetic Materials, 2010, 28(3): 173-88.
22	Chalmpes N, Bourlinos A B, Talande S, et al. Nanocarbon from rocket fuel waste: the case of furfuryl alcohol-fuming nitric acid hypergolic pair [J]. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(1): 1.
23	James O O, Maity S, Usman L A, et al. Towards the conversion of carbohydrate biomass feedstocks to biofuels via hydroxylmethylfurfural [J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2010, 3(12): 1833-1850.
24	Nandiwale K Y, Pande A M, Bokade V V. One step synthesis of ethyl levulinate biofuel by ethanolysis of renewable furfuryl alcohol over hierarchical zeolite catalyst [J]. Rsc Advances, 2015, 5(97): 79224-79231.
25	Bhosale M V K, Kulkarni S G, Kulkarni P S. Ionic liquid and biofuel blend: a low–cost and high performance hypergolic fuel for propulsion application [J]. ChemistrySelect, 2016, 1(9): 1921-1925.
26	Wu Y, Wang Z, Fei L, et al. An experimental study on the hypergolic process enhanced by pre-ignition heat release: [AMIM][DCA]/furfuryl alcohol blends reacting with white fuming nitric acid [J]. Fuel, 2022, 326: 125103.
27	Jia F, Sun K, Zhang P, et al. Marangoni effect on the impact of droplets onto a liquid-gas interface [J]. Physical Review Fluids, 2020, 5(7): 073605.
28	Sun C, Tang S, Zhang X. Hypergolicity evaluation and prediction of ionic liquids based on hypergolic reactive groups [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 205: 441-445.
29	Mapless R E. Petroleum refinery process economics [M]. PennWell Books, 2000.
30	Li J, Fan W, Weng X, et al. Experimental observation of hypergolic ignition of superbase-derived ionic liquids [J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2017, 34(1): 125-132.
31	Weng X, Tang C, Li J, et al. Coulomb explosion and ultra-fast hypergolic ignition of borohydride-rich ionic liquids with WFNA [J]. Combustion and Flame, 2018, 194: 464-471.
32	Kim T, Assary R S, Marshall C L, et al. Acid-catalyzed furfuryl alcohol polymerization: characterizations of molecular structure and thermodynamic properties [J]. ChemCatChem, 2011, 3(9): 1451-1458.
33	Gordon S, Mcbride B. Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications, I. analysis. NASA Reference Publication 1311, October 1994. [M].
34	Mcbride B, Gordon S. Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications, II. user manual and program description. NASA Reference Publication 1311, June 1996. [M].

[1]	余洋, 罗祎青, 魏荣辉, 张文慧, 袁希钢. 考虑节点中断风险的弹性供应链设计方法[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(1): 338-353.
[2]	王琪, 张斌, 张晓昕, 武虎建, 战海涛, 王涛. 氯铝酸-三乙胺离子液体/P₂O₅催化合成伊索克酸和2-乙基蒽醌[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 245-249.
[3]	车睿敏, 郑文秋, 王小宇, 李鑫, 许凤. 基于离子液体的纤维素均相加工研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3615-3627.
[4]	陈美思, 陈威达, 李鑫垚, 李尚予, 吴有庭, 张锋, 张志炳. 硅基离子液体微颗粒强化气体捕集与转化的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3628-3639.
[5]	程业品, 胡达清, 徐奕莎, 刘华彦, 卢晗锋, 崔国凯. 离子液体基低共熔溶剂在转化CO₂中的应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3640-3653.
[6]	王俐智, 杭钱程, 郑叶玲, 丁延, 陈家继, 叶青, 李进龙. 离子液体萃取剂萃取精馏分离丙酸甲酯+甲醇共沸物[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3731-3741.
[7]	陈杰, 林永胜, 肖恺, 杨臣, 邱挺. 胆碱基碱性离子液体催化合成仲丁醇性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3716-3730.
[8]	陆俊凤, 孙怀宇, 王艳磊, 何宏艳. 离子液体界面极化及其调控氢键性质的分子机理[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3665-3680.
[9]	郑佳丽, 李志会, 赵新强, 王延吉. 离子液体催化合成2-氰基呋喃反应动力学研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3708-3715.
[10]	陈哲文, 魏俊杰, 张玉明. 超临界水煤气化耦合SOFC发电系统集成及其能量转化机制[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3888-3902.
[11]	宋明昊, 赵霏, 刘淑晴, 李国选, 杨声, 雷志刚. 离子液体脱除模拟油中挥发酚的多尺度模拟与研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3654-3664.
[12]	杨绍旗, 赵淑蘅, 陈伦刚, 王晨光, 胡建军, 周清, 马隆龙. Raney镍-质子型离子液体体系催化木质素平台分子加氢脱氧制备烷烃[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3697-3707.
[13]	米泽豪, 花儿. 基于DFT和COSMO-RS理论研究多元胺型离子液体吸收SO₂气体[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3681-3696.
[14]	李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[15]	刘爽, 张霖宙, 许志明, 赵锁奇. 渣油及其组分黏度的分子层次组成关联研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3226-3241.