吸热型纳米流体燃料研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20231127

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

吸热型纳米流体燃料是一种有潜力解决高超声速飞行器发动机过热问题的新型燃料。为探究吸热型纳米流体燃料的裂解性能，并为后续研究提供参考，首先介绍了纳米流体燃料的分散稳定性机理，并概述了其制备及提高稳定性的方法；其次，综述了吸热型纳米流体燃料的裂解研究进展，从纳米添加剂、有机保护配体及反应机理和路径等多方面分析了影响裂解的关键因素；最后对吸热型纳米流体燃料的未来发展趋势提出展望。

关键词: 燃料, 表面活性剂, 分散稳定性, 纳米粒子, 催化裂解, 催化机理

Abstract:

Endothermic nanofluid fuel is a new type of fuel that has the potential to solve the problem of overheating hypersonic aircraft engines. In order to explore the cracking performance of endothermic nanofluid fuel and provide reference for subsequent research, this article first introduces the dispersion stability mechanism of nanofluid fuel and outlines its preparation and methods to improve stability. Secondly, the research progress on the cracking of endothermic nanofluid fuels is reviewed. The key factors affecting cracking are analyzed from various aspects such as nano additives, organic protective ligands, reaction mechanisms and pathways. Finally, the future development trend of endothermic nanofluid fuels is proposed.

Key words: fuel, surfactants, dispersion stability, nanoparticles, catalytic cracking, catalytic mechanism

中图分类号:

TQ 51

申州洋, 薛康, 刘青, 史成香, 邹吉军, 张香文, 潘伦. 吸热型纳米流体燃料研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2024, 75(4): 1167-1182.

Zhouyang SHEN, Kang XUE, Qing LIU, Chengxiang SHI, Jijun ZOU, Xiangwen ZHANG, Lun PAN. Research progress on endothermic nanofluid fuels[J]. CIESC Journal, 2024, 75(4): 1167-1182.

图/表 17

图1 冷却通道简易示意图

Fig.1 Simplified schematic diagram of cooling channel

图2 各种吸热型纳米流体燃料示意图

Fig.2 Schematic of several endothermic nanofluid fuels

图3 纳米颗粒的布朗运动(a)和DLVO理论与纳米流体稳定性(b)示意图[23-25]

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of Brownian motion of nanoparticles (a) and DLVO theory and nanofluid stability (b)[23-25]

图4 0.5% GO浓度的JP-10静置0 h（a）、3 h（b）、和2周（c）时的照片[41]

Fig.4 Photographs of GO dispersed at a concentration of 0.5% in JP-10 with different time: (a) 0 h; (b) 3 h; (c) 2 weeks[41]

图5 （a）Pt@FGS提高n-C12H26分解机理示意图；（b）Pt@FGS表面H2生成和Pt团簇复原的分子动力学示意图（青色：碳；白色：氢；红色：氧；橙色：铂）[59]

Fig.5 (a) Schematic of the proposed enhancing mechanisms of n-C12H26 fuel decomposition in the presence of Pt@FGS;(b) MD snapshots for an example of H2 formation from the surface of Pt@FGS and the recovery of Pt-cluster on the FGS (cyan: C, white: H, red: O, and orange: Pt)[59]

图6 十氢萘纳米流体的转化率和热沉[9]

Fig.6 Conversion and heat sink of decalin-based nanofluids[9]

图7 超支化聚甘油(HMS)[61]（a）,超支化聚乙烯亚胺（HPEI）[50]（b）和超支化聚合物包覆金属纳米颗粒协同催化十氢萘裂解的示意图[40]（c）

Fig.7 Schematic of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HMS)[61] (a), hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI)[50] (b), and the synergistic catalytic cracking of decalin by hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)-encapsulated metal nanoparticles (HEMNs)[40] (c)

表1 贵金属纳米流体燃料裂解性能

Table 1 Cracking performance of precious metal nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[9]	钯	十氢萘	750	3.50	91.9	3.50
[27]	铂	JP-10	680	4.00	55.2	2.70
[41]	铂	十氢萘	675	3.50	50.7	2.62
[49]	钯	十氢萘	725	4.00	77.0	3.61
[50]	铂	甲基环己烷	650	3.50	33.0	2.24
[61]	铂	甲基环己烷	650	3.50	61.5	2.39

图8 正癸烷裂解过程中可能的反应路线[69]

Fig.8 Possible reaction routes during n-decane cracking over prepared catalysts[69]

图9 烃类分散纳米沸石的示意图[77]

Fig.9 Schematic of the preparation of hydrocarbon dispersible nanozeolites[77]

图10 不同硅铝比的HZSM-5样品的SEM图[80]

Fig.10 SEM images of HZSM-5 samples with different Si/Al ratios[80]

表2 分子筛纳米流体燃料裂解性能

Table 2 Cracking performance of molecular sieve nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[78]	Beta分子筛	JP-10	700	4.00	63.2	2.80
[87]	ZSM-5	正癸烷	758	3.00	—	4.64

图11 ReaxFF-MD模拟得到含氧FGS催化脱氢的反应路径：（a）去质子化/质子化，（b）再生，（c）1700 K下含有FGS的MCH保持6.0 ns的反应路径[90]

Fig.11 Reaction pathways for catalytic dehydrogenation by the oxygen-containing FGS, derived by ReaxFF MD simulations: (a) deprotonation/protonation, (b) regeneration, (c) reaction pathways for MCH containing added FGS held at 1700 K for 6.0 ns[90]

图12 Pt@FGS/JP-10纳米流体制备示意图[41]

Fig.12 Schematic of the preparation of Pt@FGS/JP-10 nanofluid[41]

表3 石墨烯纳米流体燃料裂解性能

Table 3 Cracking performance of graphene nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/(MJ/kg)
[41]	Pt@FGS	JP-10	420	4.00	48.5	—
[90]	FGS	甲基环己烷	547	4.70	64.2	—

图13 C-十一烷基杯[4]烃间苯二酚分子结构示意图（a）; C-十一烷基杯[4]烃间苯二酚包覆镍纳米颗粒（b）和Ni-B非晶合金（c）的TEM图[93-94]

Fig.13 Molecular structure of C-undecyl calix[4]resorcinarene (a); TEM images of C-undecyl calix[4]resorcinarene-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (b) and Ni-B nano-amorphous alloy (c)[93-94]

表4 过渡金属纳米流体燃料裂解性能

Table 4 Cracking performance of transition metal nanofluid fuels

文献	纳米颗粒	燃料基液	温度/℃	压力/MPa	转化率/%	热沉/（MJ/kg）
[96]	Ni/SiO₂-A	正癸烷	750	3.50	84.0	3.93
[97]	Ni/SiO₂	正癸烷	750	3.50	—	4.04
[99]	ZSM-5@Ni_M	正癸烷	780	3.00	—	4.59

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