蒸发冷却冷水机组的原理、性能与适用性分析

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20191210

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

总结了蒸发冷却冷水机组结构类型和工作原理，理论和实测验证了间接蒸发冷却的湿通道侧发生的并非绝热等焓直接蒸发冷却。根据对间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组的性能测试分析，间接蒸发冷却器的湿球效率在41%～92%之间，立管、板管、露点间接蒸发冷却器比卧管间接蒸发冷却器效率高，间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组制备冷水可达到亚湿球温度，制备冷水温度受间接蒸发冷却器效率、填料塔内气水比、外热源影响。以间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组、机械制冷冷水机组、乙二醇自然冷却为冷源的数据中心空调系统，水侧蒸发冷却与乙二醇自然冷却应用在乌鲁木齐市、北京市、上海市的时间分别为8736、6261、4708 h，相比机械制冷的全年节电率分别为62%、53%、46%。

关键词: 蒸发, 传热, 传质, 焓, 间接蒸发冷却器, 数据中心运行时间, 节电率

Abstract:

The structure types and working principle of evaporative water chillers are summarized. Analysis of cold water production by evaporative cooling through the psychrometric charts, theoretical and experimental results verify that the indirect evaporative cooling on the wet channel side is not adiabatic direct evaporative cooling. According to the performance test analysis of the indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chillers, the wet bulb efficiency of several types of to indirect evaporative coolers are between 41% and 92%. Vertical tube, plate tube and dew point indirect evaporative coolers are more efficient than horizontal tube indirect evaporative coolers, indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chillers can produce cold water to reach sub-wet bulb temperature. In addition to the influence of the efficiency of the indirect evaporative cooler, the production of water temperature is also affected by the gas-water ratio in the padding tower and the external heat source in the padding tower. Data center air conditioning system with indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chillers, mechanical refrigeration chillers, ethylene glycol natural cooling as cold source. The time of evaporative water cooling and the natural cooling of ethylene glycol in Urumqi, Beijing, and Shanghai are 8736, 6261, and 4708 h, respectively. Compared with mechanical refrigeration, the annual energy saving rate is 62%, 53%, and 46%, respectively.

Key words: evaporation, heat transfer, mass transfer, enthalpy, indirect evaporative cooler, data center operating time, power saving rate

中图分类号:

TK 172

常健佩, 黄翔, 安苗苗, 李朝阳. 蒸发冷却冷水机组的原理、性能与适用性分析[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(S1): 236-244.

Jianpei CHANG, Xiang HUANG, Miaomiao AN, Zhaoyang LI. Analysis of principle, performance and applicability of indirect evaporative water chiller[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(S1): 236-244.

图/表 11

图1 蒸发冷却制取冷水焓湿图

Fig.1 Evaporative cooling produce cold water psychrometric charts

图2 表冷+卧管间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组性能测试

Fig.2 Performance test of surface air cooler + horizontal tube indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chiller

图3 立管间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组性能测试

Fig.3 Performance test of vertical tube indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chiller

图4 板管间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组性能测试

Fig.4 Performance test of plate tube indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chiller

图5 露点间接预冷式蒸发冷却冷水机组性能测试

Fig.5 Performance test of dew point indirect pre-cooling evaporative water chiller

图6 立管间接预冷封闭式蒸发冷却冷水机组性能测试

Fig.6 Performance test of vertical tube indirect pre-cooling closed evaporative water chiller

图7 数据中心用自然冷型蒸发冷却复合机械制冷的空调系统1—表冷段；2—间接蒸发冷却段；3—填料塔

Fig.7 Air conditioning system diagram of natural cold type evaporative cooling combined mechanical refrigeration in data center

表1 数据中心设计规范

Table 1 Data center design specification

项目	技术要求	备注
冷通道或机柜进风区域的温度	18~27℃	不得结露
冷通道或机柜进风区域的相对湿度和露点温度	露点温度宜为5.5~15℃，相对湿度不宜大于60%
主机房环境温度和相对湿度（停机时）	5~45℃，8%~80%，同时露点温度不宜大于27℃
冷冻水供水温度	7~21℃
冷冻水回水温度	12~27℃

表2 数据中心用自然冷型蒸发冷却复合机械制冷的空调系统运行模式

Table 2 Operation mode of air conditioning system using natural cold type evaporative cooling combined mechanical refrigeration in data center

环境工况	运行模式	启动机组
t_g≤3℃	乙二醇自然冷却	机房专用高温冷水空调机组
t_g＞3℃,t_G≤16℃	水侧蒸发冷却^①	蒸发冷却冷水机组+机房专用高温冷水空调机组
t_g＞3℃,21℃≥t_G＞16℃	蒸发冷却冷水机组+辅助冷源	蒸发冷却冷水机组+新风机组/机械制冷冷水机组
t_G＞21℃	机械制冷冷源	机械制冷-蒸发冷却冷水机组

图8 新型空调系统在典型城市数据中心全年运行时间

Fig.8 System runs analysis throughout the year in a typical urban data center

表3 国内典型城市数据中心全年8760 h运行节能性分析

Table3 Energy-saving analysis of 8760 h operation in typical urban data center in China

地点	机械制冷空调系统用电/kW	新型空调系统用电/kW	节电/kW	节电率/%
乌鲁木齐	4108440	1549665	2558775	62
北京	4108440	1925860	2182580	53
上海	4108440	2220043	1888397	46

参考文献 31

1	黄翔. 空调工程[M]. 3版. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2017: 458.
	Huang X. Air-conditioning Engineering[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2017: 458.
2	黄翔. 蒸发冷却空调原理与设备[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2019: 269.
	Huang X. Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioning Principle and Equipment[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2019: 269.
3	谢晓云, 江亿, 刘拴强, 等. 间接蒸发冷水机组设计开发及性能分析[J]. 暖通空调, 2007, 37(7): 66-70.
	Xie X Y, Jiang Y, Liu S Q, et al. Design and development of an indirect evaporative water chiller[J]. Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, 2007, 37(7): 66-70.
4	江亿, 谢晓云, 于向阳. 间接蒸发冷却技术——中国西北地区可再生干空气资源的高效应用[J]. 暖通空调, 2009, 39(9): 1-4.
	Jiang Y, Xie X Y, Yu X Y. Indirect evaporative cooling technology: high-performance application of renewable dry air energy in northwest China[J]. Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, 2009, 39(9): 1-4.
5	谢晓云, 江亿. 蒸发冷却制备冷水流程的热学分析[J]. 暖通空调, 2011, 41(3): 65-76.
	Xie X Y, Jiang Y. Thermological analysis of chilled water by evaporative cooling processes[J]. Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning, 2011, 41(3): 65-76.
6	孙铁柱, 黄翔, 文力. 蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合高温冷水机组水系统配比问题分析[J]. 流体机械, 2011, 39(5): 81-84.
	Sun T Z, Huang X, Wen L. Discussion of water-system ratio of evaporative cooling and mechanical refrigeration compound high-temperature chiller[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2011, 39(5): 81-84.
7	孙铁柱, 黄翔, 文力. 一种蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合制取高温冷水的新方法[J]. 制冷, 2010, 29(4): 12-15.
	Sun T Z, Huang X, Wen L.The new method of evaporative cooling and the machinery refrigeration composite system taking the high temperature cold water[J]. Refrigeration, 2010, 29(4): 12-15.
8	孙铁柱, 黄翔, 文力. 蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合高温冷水机组初探[J]. 化工学报, 2010, 61: 137-141.
	Sun T Z, Huang X, Wen L. Discussion of evaporative cooling and mechanical refrigeration compound high-temperature chiller[J]. CIESC Journal, 2010, 61: 137-141.
9	孙铁柱. 蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合高温冷水的研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2012.
	Sun T Z. Study on evaporative cooling and mechanical refrigeration compound high-temperature chiller[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2012.
10	白延斌. 蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合高温冷水的研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2013.
	Bai Y B. Research the key performance parameters of evaporative cooling and mechanical refrigeration composite high temperature water chillers[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2013.
11	黄翔, 白延斌, 郝航, 等. 半集中式蒸发冷却空调系统特性的实验分析[J]. 化工学报, 2012, 63: 63-66.
	Huang X, Bai Y B, Hao H, et al. Test analysis of semi-central evaporative cooling air conditioning system in office building[J]. CIESC Journal, 2012, 63: 63-66.
12	郝航. 模块化蒸发冷却冷水机组的设计与应用研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2014.
	Hao H. Design and apply research of modular evaporative cooling water chiller[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2014.
13	邱佳. 电厂空冷凝汽系统用闭式立管间接蒸发冷却冷水机组研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2015.
	Qin J. The research of power plant air condensing steam system with closed type stand pipe indirect evaporative chiller[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2015.
14	王兴兴. 干燥地区蒸发冷却温湿度独立控制系统工程应用研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2017.
	Wang X X.The research of evaporative cooling temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system in dry areas[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2017.
15	杜冬阳. 露点蒸发冷却冷水机组在干燥地区的优化设计及应用研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2018.
	Du D Y. Optimization design and application of dew point indirect evaporative water chiller in dry areas[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2018.
16	耿志超. 干燥地区数据中心间接蒸发自然冷却空调系统的应用研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2018.
	Geng Z C. Study on the application of indirect evaporation free cooling air conditioning system in dry area data center [D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2018.
17	Scofield C M, Weaver T S. Using wet-bulb economizers: data center cooling[J]. ASHRAE Journal, 2008, 50(8): 52-58.
18	Dunnavant K. Data center heat rejection[J]. ASHRAE Journal, 2011, 53(3): 44-54.
19	Niemann J, Bean J, Avelar V. Economizer modes of data center cooling systems[R]. APC White Paper: Schneider Electric. 2011.
20	Weerts B A, Gallaher D, Weaver R, et al. Green data center cooling: achieving 90% reduction: airside economization and unique indirect evaporative cooling[C]// Green Technologies Conference. Tulsa: IEEE, 2012: 1- 6.
21	Department of Energy U.S.. NSIDC data center: energy reduction strategies airside economization and unique indirect evaporative cooling[R]. Boulder, Nevada: U.S. Department of Energy, 2012.
22	Tozer R, Flucker S. Zero refrigeration for data centres in the USA[J]. ASHRAE Transactions， 2012, 118(2): 261-268.
23	Cho J, Lim T, Kim B S. Viability of datacenter cooling systems for energy efficiency in temperate or subtropical regions: case study[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2012, 55: 189-197.
24	Xuan Y M, Xiao F, Niu X F, et al. Research and application of evaporative cooling in China: a review (Ⅰ)—Research[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(5): 3535-3546.
25	Xuan Y M, Xiao F, Niu X F, et al. Research and applications of evaporative cooling in China: a review (Ⅱ)—Systems and equipment[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(5): 3523-3534.
26	王玉刚, 黄翔, 武俊梅. TIEC管内插入螺旋线强化一次空气传热的研究[J]. 纺织高校基础科学学报, 2005, 18(4): 385-388.
	Wang Y G, Huang X, Wu J M. Study on strengthening primary air heat transfer by inserting spiral line in TIEC tube[J]. Basic Sciences Jouanal of Textile Universities, 2005, 18(4): 385-388.
27	樊丽娟. 管式间接蒸发冷却器亲水性能的实验研究[D]. 西安: 西安工程大学, 2009.
	Fan L J. Experimental research on hydrophilic property of tubular indirect evaporative cooler[D]. Xi an: Xi an Polytechnic University, 2009.
28	Wang F H, Sun T Z, Huang X, et al. Experimental research on a novel porous ceramic tube type indirect evaporative cooler[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 125: 1191-1199.
29	褚俊杰, 黄翔, 孙铁柱, 等. 露点间接蒸发冷却器湿通道侧材料亲水性研究[J]. 棉纺织技术, 2018, (1): 40-44.
	Chu J J, Huang X, Sun T Z, et al. Hydrophilic study of dew point indirect evaporative cooler wet channel side material[J]. Cotton Textile Technology, 2018, (1): 40-44.
30	Duan Z, Zhao X D, Li J. Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a compact regenerative evaporative cooler: towards low energy cooling for buildings[J]. Energy, 2017, 140: 506-519.
31	中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 数据中心设计规范: GB50174-2017[S]. 北京: 中国计划出版社, 2017.
	Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People s Republic of China. Data Center Design Specification: GB50174-2017[S]. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2017.

[1]	吴馨, 龚建英, 靳龙, 王宇涛, 黄睿宁. 超声波激励下铝板表面液滴群输运特性的研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 104-112.
[2]	叶展羽, 山訸, 徐震原. 用于太阳能蒸发的折纸式蒸发器性能仿真[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 132-140.
[3]	张双星, 刘舫辰, 张义飞, 杜文静. R-134a脉动热管相变蓄放热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 165-171.
[4]	毕丽森, 刘斌, 胡恒祥, 曾涛, 李卓睿, 宋健飞, 吴翰铭. 粗糙界面上纳米液滴蒸发模式的分子动力学研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 172-178.
[5]	张义飞, 刘舫辰, 张双星, 杜文静. 超临界二氧化碳用印刷电路板式换热器性能分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 183-190.
[6]	陈爱强, 代艳奇, 刘悦, 刘斌, 吴翰铭. 基板温度对HFE7100液滴蒸发过程的影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 191-197.
[7]	刘明栖, 吴延鹏. 导光管直径和长度对传热影响的模拟分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 206-212.
[8]	王志国, 薛孟, 董芋双, 张田震, 秦晓凯, 韩强. 基于裂隙粗糙性表征方法的地热岩体热流耦合数值模拟与分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 223-234.
[9]	晁京伟, 许嘉兴, 李廷贤. 基于无管束蒸发换热强化策略的吸附热池的供热性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 302-310.
[10]	程成, 段钟弟, 孙浩然, 胡海涛, 薛鸿祥. 表面微结构对析晶沉积特性影响的格子Boltzmann模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 74-86.
[11]	张化福, 童莉葛, 张振涛, 杨俊玲, 王立, 张俊浩. 机械蒸汽压缩蒸发技术研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 8-24.
[12]	李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[13]	王玉兵, 李杰, 詹宏波, 朱光亚, 张大林. R134a在菱形离散肋微小通道内的流动沸腾换热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3797-3806.
[14]	李科, 文键, 忻碧平. 耦合蒸气冷却屏的真空多层绝热结构对液氢储罐自增压过程的影响机制研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3786-3796.
[15]	齐聪, 丁子, 余杰, 汤茂清, 梁林. 基于选择吸收纳米薄膜的太阳能温差发电特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3921-3930.