化工学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (7): 3018-3030.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20200062
陈恺成1,2(),田于杰1(),李飞1,3(),吴昊4,王维1,2
收稿日期:
2020-01-15
修回日期:
2020-03-12
出版日期:
2020-07-05
发布日期:
2020-07-05
通讯作者:
李飞
作者简介:
陈恺成(1995—),男,硕士研究生,基金资助:
Kaicheng CHEN1,2(),Yujie TIAN1(),Fei LI1,3(),Hao WU4,Wei WANG1,2
Received:
2020-01-15
Revised:
2020-03-12
Online:
2020-07-05
Published:
2020-07-05
Contact:
Fei LI
摘要:
流化床的设计、放大和优化需要对流域有基础的认识,然而气固系统的流域划分至今仍存在诸多争议。总结了气固流化系统流域划分的研究现状,并分析了流域划分的主要争议,发现文献中对快速床的界定存在分歧。通过耦合基于稳态EMMS的曳力模型开展双流体模拟,对不同气速和颗粒浓度下的循环流化床进行了数值研究。模拟结果捕捉到了颗粒回流、节涌等现象,据此确定了快速床的操作边界并绘制了流域图,该流域图能够展示循环床中的各流域形态。
中图分类号:
陈恺成, 田于杰, 李飞, 吴昊, 王维. 基于EMMS的循环流化床流域研究[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(7): 3018-3030.
Kaicheng CHEN, Yujie TIAN, Fei LI, Hao WU, Wei WANG. EMMS-based flow regime study of circulating fluidized beds[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(7): 3018-3030.
文献 | 基本变量 | 流域 |
---|---|---|
第一类 | ||
[ | Uslip-εs | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、快速流化、稀相输送 |
[ | εg-Ug | 节涌流化、湍动流化、快速流化、密相输送、气力输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 鼓泡/湍动流化、快速流化、密相输送、稀相输送 |
[ | Uslip-Up | 快速流化、环-核稀相流、均匀稀相流 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 稀相输送、密相输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、快速流化、气力输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug-εs | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、循环湍动床、低密度循环流化床、高密度循环流化床、气力输送 |
第二类 | ||
[ | (ρs-ρg)-dp | A、B、C、D类颗粒 |
[ | Ug*-Ar | 固定床、移动床、喷动床、循环床、输送床等 |
[ | Ω-Ar | 固定床、流化床、输送床 |
[ | Re-Ar | 鼓泡流、节涌流、湍动流、快速流、稀相流等 |
第三类 | ||
[ | Re-Ar-H/D | 鼓泡流动、非鼓泡流动、节涌流动、稀相输送 |
表1 文献中的流域图总结
Table 1 Regime diagrams in literature
文献 | 基本变量 | 流域 |
---|---|---|
第一类 | ||
[ | Uslip-εs | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、快速流化、稀相输送 |
[ | εg-Ug | 节涌流化、湍动流化、快速流化、密相输送、气力输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 鼓泡/湍动流化、快速流化、密相输送、稀相输送 |
[ | Uslip-Up | 快速流化、环-核稀相流、均匀稀相流 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 稀相输送、密相输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、快速流化、气力输送 |
[ | Gs-Ug-εs | 鼓泡流化、湍动流化、循环湍动床、低密度循环流化床、高密度循环流化床、气力输送 |
第二类 | ||
[ | (ρs-ρg)-dp | A、B、C、D类颗粒 |
[ | Ug*-Ar | 固定床、移动床、喷动床、循环床、输送床等 |
[ | Ω-Ar | 固定床、流化床、输送床 |
[ | Re-Ar | 鼓泡流、节涌流、湍动流、快速流、稀相流等 |
第三类 | ||
[ | Re-Ar-H/D | 鼓泡流动、非鼓泡流动、节涌流动、稀相输送 |
文献 | 流域及其特征 | ||
---|---|---|---|
[ | 稀相输送:轴/径向浓度均匀 分布 | 密相输送:由稀相输送向快速流化转变时的 过渡流域 | 快速流化:轴向颗粒浓度分布上稀下浓;径向 环-核型颗粒浓度分布 |
[ | 均匀稀相流:轴/径向浓度 均匀分布;无颗粒聚团 | 环-核稀相流:出现颗粒聚团、径向环-核结构 | 快速流化:轴向颗粒浓度分布上稀下浓 |
[ | 气力输送:均匀流动 | 低密度循环流化床:轴向指数型/S形颗粒浓度 分布;径向环-核型颗粒浓度分布 | 高密度循环流化床:轴向颗粒浓度分布较为均匀; 径向颗粒浓度分布呈凹形抛物线 |
表2 循环床的流域细分及特征描述
Table 2 Regime classifications and characteristics in CFBs
文献 | 流域及其特征 | ||
---|---|---|---|
[ | 稀相输送:轴/径向浓度均匀 分布 | 密相输送:由稀相输送向快速流化转变时的 过渡流域 | 快速流化:轴向颗粒浓度分布上稀下浓;径向 环-核型颗粒浓度分布 |
[ | 均匀稀相流:轴/径向浓度 均匀分布;无颗粒聚团 | 环-核稀相流:出现颗粒聚团、径向环-核结构 | 快速流化:轴向颗粒浓度分布上稀下浓 |
[ | 气力输送:均匀流动 | 低密度循环流化床:轴向指数型/S形颗粒浓度 分布;径向环-核型颗粒浓度分布 | 高密度循环流化床:轴向颗粒浓度分布较为均匀; 径向颗粒浓度分布呈凹形抛物线 |
文献 | 关联式 | 颗粒物性参数 | 床层几何尺寸 |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 操作下限: | 31<dp<325 μm 706<ρs<2643 kg/m3 | 0.03<D<0.30 m |
操作上限: | 54<dp<1041 μm 703<ρs<2666 kg/m3 | 0.03<D<0.30 m | |
[ | 操作下限: | 31<dp<325 μm 660<ρs<3090 kg/m3 | 0.02<D<0.19 m 5.5<H<9.0 m |
操作上限: | 20<dp<290 μm 850<ρs<2740 kg/m3 | 0.038<D<0.050 m | |
[ | 操作下限: | 未给出 | 未给出 |
操作上限: | 20<dp<1041 μm 660<ρs<3090 kg/m3 | 0.02<D<0.30 m |
表3 界定快速床操作上下限的经验关联式
Table 3 Empirical correlations to outline the fast bed region
文献 | 关联式 | 颗粒物性参数 | 床层几何尺寸 |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 操作下限: | 31<dp<325 μm 706<ρs<2643 kg/m3 | 0.03<D<0.30 m |
操作上限: | 54<dp<1041 μm 703<ρs<2666 kg/m3 | 0.03<D<0.30 m | |
[ | 操作下限: | 31<dp<325 μm 660<ρs<3090 kg/m3 | 0.02<D<0.19 m 5.5<H<9.0 m |
操作上限: | 20<dp<290 μm 850<ρs<2740 kg/m3 | 0.038<D<0.050 m | |
[ | 操作下限: | 未给出 | 未给出 |
操作上限: | 20<dp<1041 μm 660<ρs<3090 kg/m3 | 0.02<D<0.30 m |
参数 | 数值 |
---|---|
物性参数 | |
颗粒密度ρs/(kg∕m3) | 1070 |
颗粒直径dp/μm | 49 |
气体密度ρg/(kg·m3) | 1.225 |
气体黏度μg/(Pa?s) | 1.7894×10-5 |
操作条件 | |
表观气速Ug/(m/s) | 2.2, 3.0, 3.4, 4.0 |
初始颗粒浓度εs0 | 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.13, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.28, 0.30, 0.35 |
表4 模拟系统的物性参数与操作条件
Table 4 Material properties and operating conditions in simulations
参数 | 数值 |
---|---|
物性参数 | |
颗粒密度ρs/(kg∕m3) | 1070 |
颗粒直径dp/μm | 49 |
气体密度ρg/(kg·m3) | 1.225 |
气体黏度μg/(Pa?s) | 1.7894×10-5 |
操作条件 | |
表观气速Ug/(m/s) | 2.2, 3.0, 3.4, 4.0 |
初始颗粒浓度εs0 | 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.13, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.28, 0.30, 0.35 |
参数 | 设置 |
---|---|
time step size | 0.0005 s |
max iterations | 50 |
gas-wall shear condition | no-slip |
solids-wall specularity coefficient | 0.0001 |
restitution coefficient | 0.9 |
transient formulation | first-order implicit |
pressure-velocity coupling | phase coupled SIMPLE |
gradient discretization | green-gauss cell based |
momentum discretization | second order upwind |
volume fraction discretization | QUICK |
表5 模拟设置
Table 5 Simulation settings
参数 | 设置 |
---|---|
time step size | 0.0005 s |
max iterations | 50 |
gas-wall shear condition | no-slip |
solids-wall specularity coefficient | 0.0001 |
restitution coefficient | 0.9 |
transient formulation | first-order implicit |
pressure-velocity coupling | phase coupled SIMPLE |
gradient discretization | green-gauss cell based |
momentum discretization | second order upwind |
volume fraction discretization | QUICK |
图10 快速床流域内的轴径向颗粒浓度分布(Ug=4 m·s-1)Gs —— 颗粒循环通量,kg/(m2·s)g —— 重力加速度,m/s2g0 —— 径向分布函数H —— 反应器高度,mHd —— 非均匀结构因子p —— 压力,Paq —— 脉动能通量,J/(m2·s)R —— 反应器半径,mr —— 径向位置坐标,mRe —— Reynolds数Ret —— 终端沉降Reynolds数U —— 表观速度,m/sUFD —— 快速床的操作下限[13],m/sUg* —— 无量纲表观气速[2]Umf —— 最小流化速度,m/sUslip —— 表观滑移速度,m/sUTF —— 快速床的操作上限[13],m/sUtr —— 湍动床向循环床的转变气速,m/sUtp —— 循环床向输送床的转变气速,m/su —— 真实速度,m/sugy —— 竖直方向上的真实气体速度,m/supy —— 竖直方向上的真实颗粒速度,m/sVCA —— 快速床的操作下限[22],m/sVCC —— 快速床的操作下限[22],m/sβ —— 气固相间曳力系数,kg/(m3·s)γ —— 碰撞耗散能,J/(m3·s)ε —— 体积分数Θs —— 颗粒温度,m2/s2κ —— 脉动能传导率,kg/(m·s)λ —— 体积黏度,Pa·sμ —— 动力黏度系数,Pa·sρ —— 密度,kg/m3τ —— 黏性应力张量,PaΩ —— Beranek数下角标g —— 气相p —— 颗粒s —— 固相
Fig.10 Axial and radial distribution of solids holdups in fast bed regime(Ug=4 m·s-1)
Ug / (m/s) | {a0, a1, …, a10} | {εg1, εg2} |
---|---|---|
2.2 | {0.016623, 0.493605, 6.389545, 47.358891, 221.919953, 684.633287, 1402.911209, 1877.571271, 1563.265977, 726.070792, 135.926522} | {0.400000, 0.995492} |
3.0 | {0.040268, 1.072476, 12.454369, 82.862589, 348.987241, 969.842486, 1796.688320, 2185.896346, 1667.924597, 718.182831, 125.826167} | {0.402399, 0.991664} |
3.4 | {0.003550, 0.123762, 1.871593, 16.096893, 86.800375, 305.222537, 705.575497, 1053.996368, 969.054176, 491.512368, 97.518733} | {0.400000, 0.997121} |
4.0 | {0.008547, 0.235299, 2.882084, 20.627771,95.098625, 293.303193, 608.805261, 834.270600, 717.833635, 347.089449, 64.694438} | {0.402399, 0.991364} |
附表1 非均匀结构因子Hd表达式中的系数 (Appendix 1 Coefficients in expressions of heterogeneity indexesHd)
Ug / (m/s) | {a0, a1, …, a10} | {εg1, εg2} |
---|---|---|
2.2 | {0.016623, 0.493605, 6.389545, 47.358891, 221.919953, 684.633287, 1402.911209, 1877.571271, 1563.265977, 726.070792, 135.926522} | {0.400000, 0.995492} |
3.0 | {0.040268, 1.072476, 12.454369, 82.862589, 348.987241, 969.842486, 1796.688320, 2185.896346, 1667.924597, 718.182831, 125.826167} | {0.402399, 0.991664} |
3.4 | {0.003550, 0.123762, 1.871593, 16.096893, 86.800375, 305.222537, 705.575497, 1053.996368, 969.054176, 491.512368, 97.518733} | {0.400000, 0.997121} |
4.0 | {0.008547, 0.235299, 2.882084, 20.627771,95.098625, 293.303193, 608.805261, 834.270600, 717.833635, 347.089449, 64.694438} | {0.402399, 0.991364} |
项目 | 方程 |
---|---|
连续性方程 | |
动量方程 | |
气相/固相应力 | |
颗粒压力 | |
颗粒黏度 | |
气相/颗粒体积黏度 | |
径向分布函数 |
附表2 双流体模型的控制方程和本构关系 (Appendix 2 Governing equations and constitutive equations in TFM)
项目 | 方程 |
---|---|
连续性方程 | |
动量方程 | |
气相/固相应力 | |
颗粒压力 | |
颗粒黏度 | |
气相/颗粒体积黏度 | |
径向分布函数 |
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