凹坑缺陷对厚孔板喉部空化流动特性影响研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230465

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

管道系统中的各类阀门、孔板等节流件，随系统工作前后压差的增大会出现水力空化现象，对系统的工作性能和安全造成严重影响。通过数值模拟探究了厚孔板空化的临界压比以及凹坑对孔板空化临界压比的影响，并进一步研究了凹坑与空化耦合作用下的空化流动特性，阐明了凹坑作用下的空泡溃灭机理。结果表明，只有当孔板出口压力与入口压力之比小于0.5时，才会发生空化。凹坑有促进空化气泡初生-发展-溃灭演变行为的作用，但压比在空化临界压比附近时，孔板各点压力峰值出现在无凹坑孔板以及存在凹坑缺陷孔板的无凹坑一侧。在液体管道和阀门的安全设计中，应考虑空化临界压比下气蚀的风险以及凹坑缺陷受空化剥蚀导致管壁减薄的危害。

关键词: 凹坑空化, 厚孔板, 临界压比, 气泡, 湍流, 计算流体力学

Abstract:

Various valves, orifice plates and other throttling parts in the pipeline system will experience hydraulic cavitation as the pressure difference increases before and after the system works, which will seriously affect the working performance and safety of the system. The critical pressure ratio of cavitation of a thick orifice plate and the influence of pits on the critical pressure ratio of cavitation of an orifice plate were explored through numerical simulation. Furthermore, the cavitation flow characteristics under the coupling of pits and cavitation were further studied, and the mechanism of cavitation collapse under the action of pits was elucidated. The results show that cavitation occurs only when the ratio of orifice outlet pressure to inlet pressure is less than 0.5. The pit has the effect of promoting the primary-development-collapse evolution behaviour of cavitation bubbles, and a single small pit has almost no effect on the critical pressure ratio of cavitation, but the pit tends to increase the critical pressure ratio of cavitation. When the pressure ratio is near the critical pressure ratio of cavitation, the pressure peaks at each point appear on the pit side of the pit-free orifice plate and the pit side of the pit defective orifice plate, accompanied by periodic cavitation. In the safety design of liquid pipelines and valves, the risk of cavitation under the cavitation critical pressure ratio and the hazard of pipeline wall thinning caused by cavitation and ablation of pit defects should be considered.

Key words: pit cavitation, thick orifice plates, critical pressure ratio, bubble, turbulent, computational fluid dynamics

中图分类号:

O 427.4

岳林静, 廖艺涵, 薛源, 李雪洁, 李玉星, 刘翠伟. 凹坑缺陷对厚孔板喉部空化流动特性影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3292-3308.

Linjing YUE, Yihan LIAO, Yuan XUE, Xuejie LI, Yuxing LI, Cuiwei LIU. Study on influence of pit defects on cavitation flow characteristics of throat of thick orifice plates[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3292-3308.

图/表 21

图1 无缺陷孔板尺寸及网格图

Fig.1 Size and grid diagram of an orifice plate without pits

图2 含凹坑孔板尺寸及网格图

Fig.2 Size and grid diagram of an orifice plate with a pit

图3 三种网格瞬态模拟下监测点a4的压力曲线

Fig.3 Pressure curves of monitoring point a4 under three grid transient simulations

图4 含凹坑孔板监测点

Fig.4 Locations of monitoring points for an orifice plate with a pit

表1 无凹坑孔板及含凹坑缺陷孔板模拟工况

Table 1 Simulation conditions of an orifice plate with or without pits

序号	P₁/psi	P₂/psi	ΔP/psi	P₂/P₁
1	2000	1000	1000	0.50
2	5000	2500	2500	0.50
3	5000	2050	2950	0.41
4	5000	1100	3900	0.22
5	5000	500	4500	0.10
6	5000	3750	1250	0.75
7	5000	2800	2200	0.56
8	5000	2500	2500	0.50
9	5000	2050	2950	0.41
10	5000	1100	3900	0.22
11	5000	500	4500	0.10

表2 文献［24］中关于高压水流通过孔板的实验数据和本文所建模型模拟的数据

Table 2 Experimental data of high-pressure water flow through orifice in Ref. ［24］ and data simulated by the model built in this paper

P₁/psi	P₂/psi	ΔP/psi	P₂/P₁	Q/gpm	Q_s/gpm	Error/%
4993	345	4648	0.07	77	82.7	7.40
5003	506	4497	0.10	77.1	82.8	7.39
5000	1101	3899	0.22	77.1	82.7	7.26
5004	2052	2952	0.41	77	80.0	3.90
5006	2502	2504	0.50	75.2	73.8	1.86
5005	2813	2192	0.56	70.7	70.0	0.99
5006	3738	1268	0.75	54.2	52.5	3.14

图5 上游压力为5000 psi时孔板内静压和液相体积分数的分布

Fig.5 Distribution of hydrostatic pressure and liquid volume fraction in an orifice plate at upstream pressure of 5000 psi

图6 凹坑处模拟压力云图

Fig.6 Simulated pressure cloud image at the pit

图7 入口压力5000 psi时不同压比工况下有无凹坑孔板的稳态模拟相图

Fig.7 Steady-state simulation phase diagram of an orifice plate with or without pits under different pressure ratios at 5000 psi inlet pressure

图8 压比为0.75时有无凹坑孔板的瞬态模拟相图

Fig.8 Transient simulated phase diagram of an orifice plate with or without pits at a pressure ratio of 0.75

图9 压比为0.56时有无凹坑孔板的瞬态模拟相图

Fig.9 Transient simulated phase diagram of an orifice plate with or without pits at a pressure ratio of 0.56

图10 压比为0.50时有无凹坑孔板的瞬态模拟相图

Fig.10 Transient simulated phase diagram of an orifice plate with or without pits at a pressure ratio of 0.50

图11 压比为0.41时有无凹坑孔板的瞬态模拟相图

Fig.11 Transient simulated phase diagram of an orifice plate with or without pits at a pressure ratio of 0.41

图12 压比为0.22和0.10时有凹坑孔板的瞬态模拟相图

Fig.12 Transient simulated phase diagram of an orifice plate with pits at pressure ratios of 0.22 and 0.10

图13 压比为0.75时瞬态模拟下有凹坑孔板和无凹坑孔板各监测点的压力曲线

Fig.13 Pressure curves of monitoring points of an orifice plate with or without pits under transient simulation at a pressure ratio of 0.75

图14 压比为0.50时瞬态模拟下有凹坑孔板和无凹坑孔板各监测点的压力曲线

Fig.14 Pressure curves of monitoring points of an orifice plate with or without pits under transient simulation at a pressure ratio of 0.50

图15 压比为0.50时监测点压力波动幅值时刻前后相图

Fig.15 Phase diagram before and after pressure fluctuation amplitude of the monitoring point at a pressure ratio of 0.50

图16 压比为0.22时瞬态模拟下有凹坑孔板和无凹坑孔板各监测点的压力曲线

Fig.16 Pressure curves of monitoring points of an orifice plate with or without pits under transient simulation at a pressure ratio of 0.22

图17 压比为0.22时监测点压力波动幅值时刻前后相图

Fig.17 Phase diagram before and after the pressure fluctuation amplitude of the monitoring point at a pressure ratio of 0.22

图18 压比为0.75、0.50、0.22时瞬态模拟下有凹坑孔板和无凹坑孔板各监测点的速度曲线

Fig.18 Velocity curves of monitoring points of an orifice plate with or without pits under transient simulation at pressure ratios of 0.75, 0.50 and 0.22

图19 压比为0.75、0.50、0.22工况下t=230 μs时有凹坑孔板和无凹坑孔板速度矢量图

Fig.19 Velocity vectors of an orifice plate with or without pits at t=230 μs for pressure ratios of 0.75, 0.50 and 0.22

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