基于尿素/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系纳米流体制备及其热物性研究

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200656

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着电子工业的快速发展，传统换热工质由于其较低的热导率已无法满足越来越高的换热需求。另一方面，传统的换热工质受限其相对较窄的液程范围而无法使用于复杂的温况或特殊的工作条件。低共熔溶剂（DESs）具有与离子液体相似的低饱和蒸气压、高沸点及强稳定性等优势，在传热领域具有巨大的潜力。制备了以尿素/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系为基液，石墨烯、Al₂O₃、TiO₂三种纳米粒子填充的纳米流体，研究了黏度、热导率等热物性与纳米粒子和基液组成之间的关系，并系统地研究了纳米粒子结构对其稳定性的影响。实验结果表明，纳米粒子的填充会在一定程度上增加基液的黏度，其中石墨烯填充的纳米流体的黏度增加最大。此外，石墨烯能显著提高DESs的导热性能，其中6%（质量）石墨烯纳米流体热导率相比基液可增加29.0%。

关键词: 低共熔溶剂, 纳米粒子, 传热, 纳米流体, 颗粒流

Abstract:

With the rapid development of the electronics industry, traditional heat exchange working fluids can no longer meet the increasingly high heat exchange requirements due to their low thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the relatively narrow liquid range of traditionally used working fluids makes the infeasibility towards the complicated temperature conditions along with specific working situation. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) possess the similar properties with ionic liquids, such as low saturated vapor pressure, high boiling point and promising stability, which make them to be the promising candidates for energy transfer. In this paper, nanofluids filled with graphene, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanoparticles respectively were prepared using urea /choline chloride DESs as the base fluid, and their viscosity, thermal conductivity and stability were experimentally studied. The results show that the viscosity of graphene nanofluids is greater than that of Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanofluids. Compared with Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, graphene displays a clearly superior thermal conductivity enhancement and 6%(mass) graphene nanofluids are able to afford a 29.0% thermal conductivity enhancement over the pristine base fluid.

Key words: deep eutectic solvent, nanoparticles, heat transfer, nanofluids, granular flow

中图分类号:

刘昌会, 刘红莉, 张天键, 饶中浩. 基于尿素/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系纳米流体制备及其热物性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(3): 1333-1341.

LIU Changhui, LIU Hongli, ZHANG Tianjian, RAO Zhonghao. Preparation and thermal physical properties of nanofluids based on a urea/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent system[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(3): 1333-1341.

图/表 10

图1 不同比例尿素/氯化胆碱制备的低共熔溶剂

Fig.1 Deep eutectic solvent with different n(Urea)/n(ChCl)

表1 不同比例尿素/氯化胆碱制备的低共熔溶剂状态

Table 1 States of DESs synthesized with different n(Urea)/n(ChCl)

DES	n(Urea)/n(ChCl)	m(Urea)/m(ChCl)	30℃状态
[ChCl][Urea]₁	1∶1	12.90∶30	白色晶体
[ChCl][Urea]_1.5	1.5∶1	19.36∶30	无色澄清液体
[ChCl][Urea]₂	2∶1	25.81∶30	无色澄清液体
[ChCl][Urea]_2.5	2.5∶1	26.88∶25	无色澄清液体
[ChCl][Urea]₃	3∶1	25.81∶20	无色液体中有少许晶体

图2 不同配比基液的黏度(a)与热导率(b)

Fig.2 Viscosity (a) and thermal conductivity (b) of base fluids as a function of counterparts ratio

图3 不同质量分数石墨烯纳米流体的黏度

Fig.3 Viscosity of graphene nanofluids as a function of mass fractions

图4 不同质量分数石墨烯纳米流体热导率(a); 不同温度下石墨烯纳米流体热导率增长率(b)

Fig.4 Thermal conductivity of graphene nanofluids with different mass fractions(a); Thermal conductivity enhancement of graphene nanofluids as a function of different testing temperatures (b)

图5 石墨烯纳米流体稳定性

Fig.5 Stability of graphene filled nanofluids

图6 不同质量分数氧化铝纳米流体黏度(a)与热导率(b)

Fig.6 Viscosity(a) and thermal conductivity (b) of Al2O3 nanofluids with different mass fractions

图7 Al2O3纳米流体稳定性

Fig.7 Stability of Al2O3 nanofluids

图8 不同质量分数TiO2纳米流体黏度(a)与热导率(b)

Fig.8 Viscosity(a) and thermal conductivity(b) of TiO2 nanofluids with different mass fractions

图9 TiO2纳米流体稳定性

Fig.9 Stability of TiO2 nanofluids

参考文献 31

1	过增元. 对流换热的物理机制及其控制: 速度场与热流场的协同[J]. 科学通报, 2000, (19): 2118-2122.
	Guo Z Y. The physical mechanism and control of convection heat transfer: the synergy between velocity field and heat flow field[J]. Chinese Sci. Bull., 2000, (19): 2118-2122.
2	Fakheri A. Heat exchanger efficiency[J]. J. Heat Trans. -T. ASME, 2007, 129(9): 1268-1276.
3	朱冬生, 钱颂文. 强化传热技术及其设计应用[J]. 化工装备技术, 2000, 6: 1-9.
	Zhu D S, Qian S W. Enhanced heat transfer technology and its design and application[J]. Chemical Equipment Technology, 2000, 6: 1-9.
4	Kukulka D J, Smith R, Fuller K G. Development and evaluation of enhanced heat transfer tubes[J]. Appl. Therm. Eng., 2011, 31(13): 2141-2145.
5	宣益民, 李强. 纳米流体强化传热研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2000, 21(4): 466-470.
	Xuan Y M, Li Q. Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids[J]. J. Eng. Thermophys., 2000, 21(4): 466-470.
6	张正国, 燕志鹏, 方晓明, 等. 纳米技术在强化传热中应用的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2011, 30(1): 34-39.
	Zhang Z G, Yan Z P, Fang X M, et al. Research development of applications of nanotechnology in heat transfer enhancment[J]. Chem. Ind. Eng. Pro., 2011, 30(1): 34-39.
7	Buongiorno J. Convective transport in nanofluids[J]. J. Heat Trans., 2006, 128(3): 240-250.
8	Choi S U S. Nanofluids: from vision to reality through research[J]. J. Heat Trans., 2009, 131(3): 033106.
9	宣益民. 纳米流体能量传递理论与应用[J]. 中国科学: 技术科学, 2014, 44(3): 269-279.
	Xuan Y M. An overview on nanofluids and applications[J]. Sci. Sin. Tech., 2014, 44(3): 269–279.
10	Saidur R, Leong K Y, Mohammed H A. A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids[J]. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 2011, 15(3): 1646-1668.
11	Liu C H, Qiao Y, Lv B R, et al. Glycerol based binary solvent: thermal properties study and its application in nanofluids[J]. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Tran., 2020, 112: 104491.
12	Chen H S, He Y R, Zhu J W, et al. Rheological and heat transfer behaviour of the ionic liquid, [C₄mim][NTf₂][J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2008, 29(1): 149-155.
13	Ghasemi H, Ni G, Marconnet A M, et al. Solar steam generation by heat localization[J]. Nat. Commun., 2014, 5: 4449.
14	Mahian O, Kianifar A, Kalogirou S A, et al. A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 2013, 57(2): 582-594.
15	Bahiraei M, Rahmani R, Yaghoobi A, et al. Recent research contributions concerning use of nanofluids in heat exchangers: a critical review[J]. Appl. Therm. Eng., 2018, 133: 137-159.
16	Nieto de Castro C A, Lourenço M J V, Ribeiro A P C, et al. Thermal properties of ionic liquids and IoNanofluids of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium liquids[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2010, 55(2): 653-661.
17	Musiał M, Kuczak M, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, et al. Trisubstituted imidazolium-based ionic liquids as innovative heat transfer media in sustainable energy systems[J]. ACS Sust. Chem. Eng., 2018, 6(6): 7960-7968.
18	顾彦龙, 石峰, 邓友全. 室温离子液体: 一类新型的软介质和功能材料[J]. 科学通报, 2004, (6): 515-521.
	Gu Y L, Shi F, Deng Y Q. Room temperature ionic liquids: a new type of soft media and functional materials[J]. Chinese Sci. Bull., 2004, (6): 515-521.
19	张晓春, 张锁江, 左勇, 等. 离子液体的制备及应用[J]. 化学进展, 2010, 22(7): 1499-1508.
	Zhang X C, Zhang S J, Zuo Y, et al. Preparation and applications of ionic liquids[J]. Prog. Chem., 2010, 22(7): 1499-1508.
20	Zhang Q H, Vigier K D O, Royer S, et al. Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41(21): 7108-7146.
21	Liu C H, Fang H, Qiao Y, et al. Properties and heat transfer mechanistic study of glycerol/choline chloride deep eutectic solvents based nanofluids[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 2019, 138: 690-698.
22	Smith E L, Abbott A P, Ryder K S. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications[J]. Chem. Rev., 2014, 114(21): 11060-11082.
23	Liu C H, Fang H, Liu X J, et al. Novel silica filled deep eutectic solvent based nanofluids for energy transportation[J]. ACS Sust. Chem. Eng., 2019, 7(24): 20159-20169.
24	Fang Y K, Osama M, Rashmi W, et al. Synthesis and thermo-physical properties of deep eutectic solvent-based graphene nanofluids[J]. Nanotechnology, 2016, 27(7): 075702.
25	Chen Y Y, Walvekar R, Khalid M, et al. Stability and thermophysical studies on deep eutectic solvent based carbon nanotube nanofluid[J]. Mater. Res. Express, 2017, 4(7): 075028.
26	Simeonov S P, Afonso C A M. Basicity and stability of urea deep eutectic mixtures[J]. RSC Adv., 2016, 6(7): 5485-5490.
27	D'Agostino C, Harris R C, Abbott A P, et al. Molecular motion and ion diffusion in choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents studied by 1H pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(48): 21383-21391.
28	Ashworth C R, Matthews R P, Welton T, et al. Doubly ionic hydrogen bond interactions within the choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18(27): 18145-18160.
29	Oster K, Hardacre C, Jacquemin J, et al. Understanding the heat capacity enhancement in ionic liquid-based nanofluids (ionanofluids)[J]. J. Mol. Liq., 2018, 253: 326-339.
30	Gilmore M, Swadzba-Kwasny M, Holbrey J D. Thermal properties of choline chloride/urea system studied under moisture-free atmosphere[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2019, 64(12): 5248-5255.
31	叶振强, 曹炳阳, 过增元. 石墨烯的声子热学性质研究[J]. 物理学报, 2014, 63(15): 303-309.
	Ye Z Q, Cao B Y, Guo Z Y. Study on thermal characteristics of phonons in graphene[J]. Acta Phys. Sin., 2014, 63(15): 303-309.

[1]	晁京伟, 许嘉兴, 李廷贤. 基于无管束蒸发换热强化策略的吸附热池的供热性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 302-310.
[2]	程成, 段钟弟, 孙浩然, 胡海涛, 薛鸿祥. 表面微结构对析晶沉积特性影响的格子Boltzmann模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 74-86.
[3]	张双星, 刘舫辰, 张义飞, 杜文静. R-134a脉动热管相变蓄放热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 165-171.
[4]	张义飞, 刘舫辰, 张双星, 杜文静. 超临界二氧化碳用印刷电路板式换热器性能分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 183-190.
[5]	陈爱强, 代艳奇, 刘悦, 刘斌, 吴翰铭. 基板温度对HFE7100液滴蒸发过程的影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 191-197.
[6]	刘明栖, 吴延鹏. 导光管直径和长度对传热影响的模拟分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 206-212.
[7]	王志国, 薛孟, 董芋双, 张田震, 秦晓凯, 韩强. 基于裂隙粗糙性表征方法的地热岩体热流耦合数值模拟与分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 223-234.
[8]	程业品, 胡达清, 徐奕莎, 刘华彦, 卢晗锋, 崔国凯. 离子液体基低共熔溶剂在转化CO₂中的应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3640-3653.
[9]	赵佳佳, 田世祥, 李鹏, 谢洪高. SiO₂-H₂O纳米流体强化煤尘润湿性的微观机理研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3931-3945.
[10]	齐聪, 丁子, 余杰, 汤茂清, 梁林. 基于选择吸收纳米薄膜的太阳能温差发电特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3921-3930.
[11]	李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[12]	王玉兵, 李杰, 詹宏波, 朱光亚, 张大林. R134a在菱形离散肋微小通道内的流动沸腾换热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3797-3806.
[13]	李科, 文键, 忻碧平. 耦合蒸气冷却屏的真空多层绝热结构对液氢储罐自增压过程的影响机制研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3786-3796.
[14]	陈天华, 刘兆轩, 韩群, 张程宾, 李文明. 喷雾冷却换热强化研究进展及影响因素[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3149-3170.
[15]	仪显亨, 周骛, 蔡小舒, 蔡天意. 光纤后向动态光散射测量纳米颗粒的浓度适用范围研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3320-3328.