化工学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (8): 3149-3170.DOI: 10.11949/0438-1157.20230151
收稿日期:
2023-02-23
修回日期:
2023-08-08
出版日期:
2023-08-25
发布日期:
2023-10-18
通讯作者:
李文明
作者简介:
陈天华(2001—),男,硕士研究生,220220638@seu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Tianhua CHEN(), Zhaoxuan LIU, Qun HAN, Chengbin ZHANG, Wenming LI()
Received:
2023-02-23
Revised:
2023-08-08
Online:
2023-08-25
Published:
2023-10-18
Contact:
Wenming LI
摘要:
喷雾冷却是一种高效的散热手段,广泛应用于高热通量电子元器件的热管理。近年来,喷雾冷却引起了极大的关注,其换热能力得到了显著的提升。特别地,新型微纳米表面的开发极大地促进了喷雾冷却传热的发展,丰富了喷雾传热强化的机理研究。因此,本文全面系统地总结了喷雾冷却的最新研究成果,讨论了喷雾换热的强化机理,从传热表面特性,工作介质以及喷嘴参数等多个方面讨论了喷雾冷却换热的关键影响因素。最后,进一步探讨了喷雾冷却抑制Leidenfrost现象的机制,并对喷雾冷却未来研究方向进行了展望。
中图分类号:
陈天华, 刘兆轩, 韩群, 张程宾, 李文明. 喷雾冷却换热强化研究进展及影响因素[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3149-3170.
Tianhua CHEN, Zhaoxuan LIU, Qun HAN, Chengbin ZHANG, Wenming LI. Research progress and influencing factors of the heat transfer enhancement of spray cooling[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(8): 3149-3170.
文献 | 经验公式 | 工质 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | FC-32 FC-87 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | PF-5060 FC-72 FC-87 蒸馏水 | N+为液滴数密度 | |
[ | PF-5060 | P为局部撞击压力 | |
[ | 蒸馏水 | 流量:6.2~12.4 kg/(m2·s); ΔP=2~7 bar | |
[ | 蒸馏水 |
表1 不同CHF经验关联式
Table 1 Various empirical correlations of CHF
文献 | 经验公式 | 工质 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | FC-32 FC-87 蒸馏水 | ||
[ | PF-5060 FC-72 FC-87 蒸馏水 | N+为液滴数密度 | |
[ | PF-5060 | P为局部撞击压力 | |
[ | 蒸馏水 | 流量:6.2~12.4 kg/(m2·s); ΔP=2~7 bar | |
[ | 蒸馏水 |
图5 不同表面温度下电喷雾四种模式液滴的动态行为和成膜特性[36]
Fig.5 Dynamic behaviors and film formation of four modes of electrospray droplets for various surface temperature[36]
文献 | 经验公式 | 适用条件 | 工质 | 公式误差/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
[ | 10<Re<1000 | 蒸馏水 | 12 | |
[ | 0<Re<300 | 蒸馏水 | 7.73 | |
[ | Re>440 | 蒸馏水 | 3.7 | |
240<Re<527 | 蒸馏水 | 15 | ||
[ | — | 蒸馏水 | 2.5 | |
[ | 2.1<Pr<6.8 | 蒸馏水 | 7 | |
[ | Re>240 | 蒸馏水 | 4 | |
[ | 13<Re<180 0.06< | 蒸馏水 | 25 | |
[ | 10<Re<1000 0.15< | 蒸馏水 | 14 |
表2 各种不同的传热经验关联式
Table 2 Various empirical correlations of heat transfer
文献 | 经验公式 | 适用条件 | 工质 | 公式误差/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
[ | 10<Re<1000 | 蒸馏水 | 12 | |
[ | 0<Re<300 | 蒸馏水 | 7.73 | |
[ | Re>440 | 蒸馏水 | 3.7 | |
240<Re<527 | 蒸馏水 | 15 | ||
[ | — | 蒸馏水 | 2.5 | |
[ | 2.1<Pr<6.8 | 蒸馏水 | 7 | |
[ | Re>240 | 蒸馏水 | 4 | |
[ | 13<Re<180 0.06< | 蒸馏水 | 25 | |
[ | 10<Re<1000 0.15< | 蒸馏水 | 14 |
文献 | 表面微结构设计 | 结论 |
---|---|---|
[ | 设计了三种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距2 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm; 金字塔肋:肋距1 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm; 直肋:肋距2 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:三种微结构都起到了增强换热的作用,其中直肋结构增强效果最优,测得平壁面的CHF为80 W/ cm2,立方肋、金字塔肋和直肋的CHF分别为114、105、126 W/cm2。 强化换热特性机理:(1)增加润湿面积,降低单相对流热阻;(2)润湿面积增加,潜在成核位点数量增加,液体流动接触时间延长 |
[ | 设计了两种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距0.6 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.7 mm; 直肋:肋距0.6 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.7 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:表面温度较低时,直肋面换热效果最好;表面温度较高时,立方肋换热效果最好。平壁面、立方肋、直肋的CHF分别为109.8、159.1、120.2 W/ cm2。 强化换热特性机理:(1)表面槽道大大增加了容纳液体的空间,致使加热面上形成更薄液膜,液膜越薄,传热越强;(2)槽深过大会增大槽道间液体流动阻力,可能会致使大量冷却液淤积在槽道中,减弱对流换热效果 | ||
[ | 设计了三种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.8 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 扇形肋:肋高0.2 mm; 直肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.4 mm,肋高0.2 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:表面平均温度为80℃时,光滑表面热通量为 42. 2 W/cm2,立方肋、直肋、扇形肋表面热通量分别为 61.8、56.3、51.3 W/cm2,热通量增幅依次为 46.4%、33.4%和 21.6%,但三种微结构的表面温度不均匀性都大于光滑表面。 | ||
强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构提高了表面的润湿性,同时对液体有滞留作用,起到一定的抑制干涸区扩张的作用;(2)微结构的存在提高了喷雾冷却热通量,使之提前进入两相区,避免了沸腾的滞后性 | ||
[ | 设计了一种直肋微结构热沉表面。 直肋:肋距0.5 mm,肋宽0.5 mm,肋高0.5 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:与平壁相比,直肋微结构表面的平均温度降低16.36℃,HTC提高了33.04%,但其表面温度均匀性较平壁更差。 强化换热特性机理:(1)微槽的存在令三相接触线长度增加,有助于液膜蒸发和液体流动;(2)沟槽增加了换热面积;(3)沟槽和微结构增加了成核位点 |
[ | 设计了五种立方肋微结构热沉表面。 1号肋:肋距0.05 mm,肋宽0.05 mm,肋高0.0 5mm; 2号肋:肋距0.1 mm,肋宽0.1 mm,肋高0.05 mm; 3号肋:肋距0.2 mm,肋宽0.2 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 4号肋:肋距0.3 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 5号肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.4 mm,肋高0.2 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:五种立方肋都起到了增强换热的作用,而其中3号立方肋取得了最优增强效果,其CHF和HTC可达161 W/cm2和27.2 kW/(m2·K),比平壁面分别提高了42%和28%。 强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构的存在增加了换热面积和有效成核位点;(2)3号立方肋的肋间距与液滴尺寸有更好的一致性,液滴的平均直径为163 μm,这使得液滴完全进入3号立方肋表面结构的间距 |
[ | 设计了四种微结构热沉表面:。 1号立方肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高1.0 mm; 2号立方肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高0.5 mm; 1号直肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高1.0 mm; 2号直肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高3.0 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:与平面相比,两个直肋表面的喷雾热性能提高了约100%,翅片高度为1.0 mm和3.0 mm的直翅片表面表现出相似的热性能。对于0.5 mm立方肋表面,传热增强仅为60%左右。然而,对于1.0 mm立方肋表面,传热增强可达到最大280%左右。 | ||
强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构增加了表面换热面积、成核位点;(2)随着肋高度增加,更多的液滴撞击在肋侧,而更少的液滴直接撞击在凹槽内的液膜上,降低了对液膜驱动流动的影响,会在一定程度上抑制对流换热 |
表3 不同的微结构表面研究
Table 3 Studies of different microstructure surfaces
文献 | 表面微结构设计 | 结论 |
---|---|---|
[ | 设计了三种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距2 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm; 金字塔肋:肋距1 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm; 直肋:肋距2 mm,肋宽1 mm,肋高1 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:三种微结构都起到了增强换热的作用,其中直肋结构增强效果最优,测得平壁面的CHF为80 W/ cm2,立方肋、金字塔肋和直肋的CHF分别为114、105、126 W/cm2。 强化换热特性机理:(1)增加润湿面积,降低单相对流热阻;(2)润湿面积增加,潜在成核位点数量增加,液体流动接触时间延长 |
[ | 设计了两种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距0.6 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.7 mm; 直肋:肋距0.6 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.7 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:表面温度较低时,直肋面换热效果最好;表面温度较高时,立方肋换热效果最好。平壁面、立方肋、直肋的CHF分别为109.8、159.1、120.2 W/ cm2。 强化换热特性机理:(1)表面槽道大大增加了容纳液体的空间,致使加热面上形成更薄液膜,液膜越薄,传热越强;(2)槽深过大会增大槽道间液体流动阻力,可能会致使大量冷却液淤积在槽道中,减弱对流换热效果 | ||
[ | 设计了三种微结构热沉表面。 立方肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.8 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 扇形肋:肋高0.2 mm; 直肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.4 mm,肋高0.2 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:表面平均温度为80℃时,光滑表面热通量为 42. 2 W/cm2,立方肋、直肋、扇形肋表面热通量分别为 61.8、56.3、51.3 W/cm2,热通量增幅依次为 46.4%、33.4%和 21.6%,但三种微结构的表面温度不均匀性都大于光滑表面。 | ||
强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构提高了表面的润湿性,同时对液体有滞留作用,起到一定的抑制干涸区扩张的作用;(2)微结构的存在提高了喷雾冷却热通量,使之提前进入两相区,避免了沸腾的滞后性 | ||
[ | 设计了一种直肋微结构热沉表面。 直肋:肋距0.5 mm,肋宽0.5 mm,肋高0.5 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:与平壁相比,直肋微结构表面的平均温度降低16.36℃,HTC提高了33.04%,但其表面温度均匀性较平壁更差。 强化换热特性机理:(1)微槽的存在令三相接触线长度增加,有助于液膜蒸发和液体流动;(2)沟槽增加了换热面积;(3)沟槽和微结构增加了成核位点 |
[ | 设计了五种立方肋微结构热沉表面。 1号肋:肋距0.05 mm,肋宽0.05 mm,肋高0.0 5mm; 2号肋:肋距0.1 mm,肋宽0.1 mm,肋高0.05 mm; 3号肋:肋距0.2 mm,肋宽0.2 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 4号肋:肋距0.3 mm,肋宽0.3 mm,肋高0.2 mm; 5号肋:肋距0.4 mm,肋宽0.4 mm,肋高0.2 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 定量强化效果:五种立方肋都起到了增强换热的作用,而其中3号立方肋取得了最优增强效果,其CHF和HTC可达161 W/cm2和27.2 kW/(m2·K),比平壁面分别提高了42%和28%。 强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构的存在增加了换热面积和有效成核位点;(2)3号立方肋的肋间距与液滴尺寸有更好的一致性,液滴的平均直径为163 μm,这使得液滴完全进入3号立方肋表面结构的间距 |
[ | 设计了四种微结构热沉表面:。 1号立方肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高1.0 mm; 2号立方肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高0.5 mm; 1号直肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高1.0 mm; 2号直肋:肋宽0.5 mm,肋高3.0 mm | 工质种类:蒸馏水。 |
定量强化效果:与平面相比,两个直肋表面的喷雾热性能提高了约100%,翅片高度为1.0 mm和3.0 mm的直翅片表面表现出相似的热性能。对于0.5 mm立方肋表面,传热增强仅为60%左右。然而,对于1.0 mm立方肋表面,传热增强可达到最大280%左右。 | ||
强化换热特性机理:(1)微结构增加了表面换热面积、成核位点;(2)随着肋高度增加,更多的液滴撞击在肋侧,而更少的液滴直接撞击在凹槽内的液膜上,降低了对液膜驱动流动的影响,会在一定程度上抑制对流换热 |
图10 微结构表面特性修饰增强换热:(a) 纳米线修饰微结构表面[92];(b) 多孔结构结合微结构表面[104]
Fig.10 Heat transfer enhanced by microstructure surface modification: (a) nanowires coated microstructure surface[92]; (b) porous structure combined with microstructure surface[104]
工质 | 文献 | 喷嘴 数量 | 喷嘴高度/mm | 流量 | 喷雾 方向 | 表面 结构 | CHF/ (W/cm2) | 最高HTC/ (W/(cm2·K)) | CHF时表面温度/℃ | 工作压力/MPa | 工作饱和温度/℃ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒸馏水 | [ | 单 | 10 | 0.83×10-2 m3/(s·m2) | 水平 | 平面 | 596 | 4.435 | 145 | 0.1013 | 100 |
蒸馏水 | [ | 单 | 15 | 41.6 L/h | 向下 | 平面 | 675 | — | 41.5 | 0.1013 | 100 |
液氨 | [ | 双 | 11 | 1.6 ml/cm2 | 向下 | 平面 | 750 | — | 50 | 0.550 | 7 |
R134a | [ | 单 | 13 | 0.211 L/min | 向下 | 平面 | 101.1 | 2.478 | 49.75 | 0.4 | 8.95 |
R410a | [ | 单 | 25 | 6.1 g/s | 向下 | 平面 | 204 | 6.586 | 40 | 0.62 | -7.7 |
R22 | [ | 单 | 22 | — | 向下 | 平面 | 276.1 | 7 | 26.8 | 0.34 | -11 |
FC-77 | [ | 单 | — | 2.39×10-5 m3/s | 向下 | 平面 | 349 | 3.41 | 129.4 | 0.1013 | 97 |
表4 不同冷却工质对喷雾冷却换热性能的影响
Table 4 The effects of different working fluids on spray cooling performance
工质 | 文献 | 喷嘴 数量 | 喷嘴高度/mm | 流量 | 喷雾 方向 | 表面 结构 | CHF/ (W/cm2) | 最高HTC/ (W/(cm2·K)) | CHF时表面温度/℃ | 工作压力/MPa | 工作饱和温度/℃ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蒸馏水 | [ | 单 | 10 | 0.83×10-2 m3/(s·m2) | 水平 | 平面 | 596 | 4.435 | 145 | 0.1013 | 100 |
蒸馏水 | [ | 单 | 15 | 41.6 L/h | 向下 | 平面 | 675 | — | 41.5 | 0.1013 | 100 |
液氨 | [ | 双 | 11 | 1.6 ml/cm2 | 向下 | 平面 | 750 | — | 50 | 0.550 | 7 |
R134a | [ | 单 | 13 | 0.211 L/min | 向下 | 平面 | 101.1 | 2.478 | 49.75 | 0.4 | 8.95 |
R410a | [ | 单 | 25 | 6.1 g/s | 向下 | 平面 | 204 | 6.586 | 40 | 0.62 | -7.7 |
R22 | [ | 单 | 22 | — | 向下 | 平面 | 276.1 | 7 | 26.8 | 0.34 | -11 |
FC-77 | [ | 单 | — | 2.39×10-5 m3/s | 向下 | 平面 | 349 | 3.41 | 129.4 | 0.1013 | 97 |
文献 | 流量/(ml/min) | 喷嘴高度/mm | 最优倾斜角/(°) |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 69.33 | 15 | 0 |
[ | 21.8 | 14 | 40 |
[ | 200 | 17 | 30 |
[ | 30.8 | 8 | 18 |
表5 最优倾斜角的研究
Table 5 The study of optimal tilt angle
文献 | 流量/(ml/min) | 喷嘴高度/mm | 最优倾斜角/(°) |
---|---|---|---|
[ | 69.33 | 15 | 0 |
[ | 21.8 | 14 | 40 |
[ | 200 | 17 | 30 |
[ | 30.8 | 8 | 18 |
图12 受热表面液膜分布情况(微孔出口直径分别为5、7、9、20、25 μm)[134]
Fig.12 Distribution of liquid film on the heating surface (micropore outlet with different diameters of 5, 7, 9, 20, 25 μm)[134]
图13 阵列喷雾系统:(a)表面液膜流型[60];(b)向上喷雾[16];(c)侧向喷雾[138]
Fig.13 Array spray system: (a) flow patterns of liquid film[60]; (b) upward spray[16]; (c) side spray[138]
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