基于光、电驱动促进海水中铀和锂提取的研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20241207

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铀、锂的富集和分离对绿色能源和工业升级具有重要意义。海水中铀、锂的储量是陆地的数千倍，但浓度极低，从海水中高效提取铀、锂，已成为化学、材料、能源与催化领域的研究前沿之一，基于光电驱动的还原吸附分离技术发展迅速。介绍了光电驱动促进海水中铀和锂提取的研究进展，重点介绍了典型光电驱动提取材料与过程，总结了光、电驱动海水中分离锂和铀的性能及优缺点。基于光电驱动的新策略对锂和铀提取展现出了更快的吸附动力和更强的捕获能力，分析总结了海水提铀和锂中的能量消耗及成本效益，并展望了光电驱动促进海水中铀和锂提取研究的发展趋势，旨在为设计开发新型海水提铀和锂的光电提取材料提供启示。

关键词: 铀, 锂, 海水, 分离, 光电驱动

Abstract:

Enrichment and separation of uranium and lithium have significant importance for green energy and industrial upgrading. The reserves of uranium and lithium in seawater are thousands of times greater than those on land; however, their concentrations are extremely low. Hence, the efficient extraction of uranium and lithium from seawater based on photoelectrical-driven reduction and adsorption separation has emerged as one of the cutting-edge research areas in the fields of chemistry, materials, energy, and catalysis. This paper introduces the research progress of photoelectric drive to promote the extraction of uranium and lithium from seawater, focusing on the typical photoelectric drive extraction materials and processes, and summarizes the performance, advantages and disadvantages of photoelectric and electric drive to separate lithium and uranium from seawater. The new strategy based on photoelectric drive shows faster adsorption power and stronger capture ability for lithium and uranium extraction. We discuss the energy consumption and cost-effectiveness associated with the extraction of uranium and lithium from seawater, and anticipate the development trends, to inspire for the design and development of novel photoelectric extraction materials for extracting uranium and lithium from seawater.

Key words: uranium, lithium, seawater, separation, photoelectric drive

中图分类号:

O 6-1

杨雅南, 常胜然, 薛松林, 潘建明, 邢卫红. 基于光、电驱动促进海水中铀和锂提取的研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2025, 76(5): 1927-1942.

Yanan YANG, Shengran CHANG, Songlin XUE, Jianming PAN, Weihong XING. Progress of research on photo- and electric-driven to promote uranium and lithium extraction from seawater[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(5): 1927-1942.

图/表 14

参考文献 88

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类型	分类	材料	铀吸附量/(mg·g^-1)	铀还原效率/ 铀富集效率	溶液形式
基于光驱动	元素掺杂	Sn-In₂S₃微球^[56]	约112.83	—	—
	元素掺杂	g-C₃N₄(S/P/B)^[44-46]	—	—	—
	界面修饰	PN-PCN-222^[47]	1289.3	96.7%	模拟海水
		TTh-COF-AO^[48]	10.24	—	自然海水
		TpBD-X^[49] （X = —OH、—NH、—OCH、—NO、—SOH）	—	73.11% (max)	模拟海水
	缺陷工程及异质结引入	ZnFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme异质结^[54]	1892.4	94.62%	模拟海水
		AO-C₃N₄^[61]	850 μg·g^-1	94.2%	自然海水
		CN550^[62]	1057.3 (明黄色变至完全透明)	—	模拟海水/ 自然海水
基于电驱动	电容去离子	WO₃/C复合电极^[66]	449.9	71%	模拟海水
	电容去离子	In-N _x -C-R^[67] （R为偕胺肟基团）	12.7	>90%	自然海水
	电沉积	Fe-N _x -C-R^[69]	1.2	—	自然海水
		MPSOF^[70]	1.21	—	自然海水
		TFPM-PDAN-AO^[71]	12.8 （20 d）	98.2%	自然海水
	电渗析	CJMC-5阳离子交换膜^[73]	—	>80%	模拟海水
	电渗析	PAO交换膜^[74]	—	30%（与未掺杂PAO相比）	模拟海水

类型	分类	材料	铀吸附量/(mg·g^-1)	铀还原效率/ 铀富集效率	溶液形式
基于光驱动	元素掺杂	Sn-In₂S₃微球^[56]	约112.83	—	—
	元素掺杂	g-C₃N₄(S/P/B)^[44-46]	—	—	—
	界面修饰	PN-PCN-222^[47]	1289.3	96.7%	模拟海水
		TTh-COF-AO^[48]	10.24	—	自然海水
		TpBD-X^[49] （X = —OH、—NH、—OCH、—NO、—SOH）	—	73.11% (max)	模拟海水
	缺陷工程及异质结引入	ZnFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme异质结^[54]	1892.4	94.62%	模拟海水
		AO-C₃N₄^[61]	850 μg·g^-1	94.2%	自然海水
		CN550^[62]	1057.3 (明黄色变至完全透明)	—	模拟海水/ 自然海水
基于电驱动	电容去离子	WO₃/C复合电极^[66]	449.9	71%	模拟海水
	电容去离子	In-N _x -C-R^[67] （R为偕胺肟基团）	12.7	>90%	自然海水
	电沉积	Fe-N _x -C-R^[69]	1.2	—	自然海水
		MPSOF^[70]	1.21	—	自然海水
		TFPM-PDAN-AO^[71]	12.8 （20 d）	98.2%	自然海水
	电渗析	CJMC-5阳离子交换膜^[73]	—	>80%	模拟海水
	电渗析	PAO交换膜^[74]	—	30%（与未掺杂PAO相比）	模拟海水

方法	优点	不足	研究重点
电容去离子	能耗低；操作简便；电极使用寿命长；无其他化学试剂的引入	电极易堵塞；电解质系统复杂	提高电极材料的比表面积和电荷存储能力；有效回收和处理吸附的铀离子
电沉积	可直接获取固体形式的铀；出售固体铀可降低运营成本；无须复杂的化学处理	存在副反应，会产生二次废物	提高电沉积效率和选择性；防止其他离子的共沉积
电渗析	引入离子交换膜；可实现连续操作	膜易被污染或堵塞；维修需要投入较高成本	提高离子交换膜的耐久性以降低成本；提高能源效率

方法	优点	不足	研究重点
电容去离子	能耗低；操作简便；电极使用寿命长；无其他化学试剂的引入	电极易堵塞；电解质系统复杂	提高电极材料的比表面积和电荷存储能力；有效回收和处理吸附的铀离子
电沉积	可直接获取固体形式的铀；出售固体铀可降低运营成本；无须复杂的化学处理	存在副反应，会产生二次废物	提高电沉积效率和选择性；防止其他离子的共沉积
电渗析	引入离子交换膜；可实现连续操作	膜易被污染或堵塞；维修需要投入较高成本	提高离子交换膜的耐久性以降低成本；提高能源效率

类型	分类	材料	锂吸附量/(mg·g^-1)	锂吸附效率	溶液形式
基于光驱动	光电化学	InGaP/GaAs/Ge光电极^[37]	783.56	—	自然海水
	光热	PIP^[76]	1289.3	308.6 mg·m^-2·d^-1	自然海水
	改性复合材料	聚丙烯/聚乙烯芯鞘纤维毛毡^[77]	约520 mg·m^-2	9.368 mg·g^-1·h^-1	自然海水
基于电驱动	电渗析	LLTO膜^[79]	9013.43	71%	模拟海水
		M-GA/PEI膜^[82]	12.7	—	自然海水
		15CE/PEI-PDA-CR671膜^[83]	—	90%	模拟海水
	电化学插层	TiO₂包覆LiFePO₄电极^[84]	—	94.3% ± 4.0%	模拟海水
		pD包覆LiFePO₄电极^[33]	—	—	模拟海水
		MnO₂包覆LiFePO₄电极^[85]	20.6	—	自然海水