泄漏引发液体过热爆沸机理及规律研究

doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20190617

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究储罐泄漏引发液体过热爆沸的机理及规律，实验建立了小型装置，对爆沸过程中的气泡演化、压力及介质过热度响应进行研究。根据介质过热度的变化特征，提出表征沸腾延时程度的参数——过热时间，并建立相应描述过热时间的数学模型。实验结果表明，容器破裂后，大量气泡于介质内部产生并迅速成长，其成长可分为相对稳定阶段与加速成长阶段，而后引起明显的压力反弹。整个沸腾自上而下、自内壁向介质内部进行，且介质经历过冷—饱和—过热—饱和—过冷的循环过程。此外，实验发现初始压力的升高或初始液位的降低，都会使介质达到的最大过热度提高，尤其是50%初始液位时其介质最大过热度高达9.4℃。而随着初始压力或初始液位的升高，过热时间呈明显降低趋势，且初始液位升高时还会引起更明显的压力反弹。基于实验数据，对过热时间数学模型进行验证，结果表明数学模型计算结果和实验数据基本吻合。

关键词: 爆沸, 气化, 两相流, 过热度, 过热时间, 模型

Abstract:

To explore the mechanism and law of liquid superheating and boiling caused by tank leakage, a small device was established to study the bubble evolution, pressure and medium superheat response during the bumping process. Upon the typical features of medium superheat degree, overheat time was further introduced to characterize the delay degree of boiling. The results show that a large number of bubbles were generated and grew rapidly in the medium after the vessel rupture. Bubble-growth process could be divided into a relatively stable stage and an accelerated stage, and the obvious pressure recovery was attributed to the accelerated growth of bubbles. According to the response of temperature sensors in the medium, the boiling occurred and spread from top to bottom and from the inner wall to the inside of the medium. And the medium underwent a cycle of supercoiling—saturation—superheat—saturation—supercooling during boiling. In addition, it was found that the increase of initial pressure and the decrease of initial liquid level could both improve the maximum superheat degree of medium, especially a maximum superheat of 9. 4℃ with the initial liquid level of 50%. What’s more, the ascent of the initial pressure or the initial liquid level also hold a significant lower overheat time. And the rise of the initial liquid level would contribute to a more serious rebound phenomena of pressure. On the basis of the overheat time obtained by experiments, the mathematical model of the overheat time was also verified. The results showed that the calculation of the mathematical model was basically consistent with the experimental data.

Key words: explosive boiling, vaporization, two-phase flow, superheat degree, overheat time, model

中图分类号:

X 933

时事成, 王苏盼, 潘旭海, 马煜衡, 蒋军成. 泄漏引发液体过热爆沸机理及规律研究[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(10): 4089-4098.

Shicheng SHI, Supan WANG, Xuhai PAN, Yuheng MA, Juncheng JIANG. Study on mechanism and law of liquid overheating and explosive boiling caused by leakage[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(10): 4089-4098.

图/表 11

图1 爆沸实验装置1—压力储罐; 2—进水口; 3—三通阀; 4—照明灯; 5—气动球阀; 6—压力变送器(PT1); 7—热电偶(TT1); 8—观察窗; 9—热电偶(TT2); 10—热电偶(TT3); 11—加热棒; 12—压力变送器(PT2); 13—热电偶(TT4); 14—排水阀; 15—水环真空泵; 16—记录仪; 17—计算机; 18—高速摄像机

Fig.1 Experiment setup of explosion boiling

图2 初始压力为2.7 bar、初始液位为70%时的压力响应图及局部放大图

Fig.2 Pressure response and partial magnification diagram at initial pressure of 2.7 bar and initial liquid level of 70%

图3 泄压后液相上部气泡两相流发展图

Fig.3 Evolution of bubbles and two-phase flow in upper liquid phase after pressure relief

图4 不同初始压力下液面高度及液面上升速率随时间的变化

Fig.4 Liquid surface height and rising rate of liquid surface versus time under different initial pressures

图5 初始压力为3.7 bar、初始液位为70%时泄压后介质温度响应曲线

Fig.5 Medium temperature curves after pressure relief at initial pressure of 3.7 bar and initial liquid level of 70%

图6 不同初始压力下介质温度-压力图（初始液位为70%）

Fig.6 Temperature-pressure diagram of medium under various initial pressures (at initial liquid level of 70%)

表1 不同工况下介质沸腾所能达到的最大过热度值汇总

Table 1 Summary of maximum superheat degree that medium can achieve during boiling under different conditions

实验序号	初始压力/bar	初始液位/%	平均最大过热度/℃	标准偏差
1	1.7	70	6.8	0.25
2	2.7	70	7.3	0.15
3	3.7	70	8.2	0.25
4	4.7	70	8.9	0.21
5	2.7	50	9.4	0.32
6	2.7	60	7.9	0.15
7	2.7	80	3.0	0.21

图7 3.7 bar初始压力，70%初始液位时泄压后的压力响应图

Fig.7 Pressure response after pressure relief at initial pressure of 3.7 bar and initial liquid level of 70%

图8 不同初始压力对降压速率、升压比和过热时间的影响

Fig.8 Effects of initial pressure on decompression rate, pressure boost ratio and overheat time

图9 不同初始液位对降压速率、升压比和过热时间的影响

Fig.9 Effects of initial liquid level on decompression rate, pressure boost ratio and overheat time

表2 过热时间理论值与实验结果对比

Table 2 Comparison of theoretical and experimental results of overheat time

序号	初始压力/bar	初始液位/%	初始气相体积/L	理论过热时间 t/ms	实验测量平均过热时间 $t ˉ$ /ms	相对误差/%	平均误差/%
1	1.7	70	5.2	54.4	49.6	9.7	9.2
2	2.7	70	5.2	49.9	46.3	7.8
3	3.7	70	5.2	20.5	23.3	12.0
4	4.7	70	5.2	12.3	13.6	9.6
5	2.7	50	8.6	74.2	68.3	8.6
6	2.7	60	6.9	60.6	55.7	8.8
7	2.7	80	3.5	34.2	31.7	7.9

表2 过热时间理论值与实验结果对比

Table 2 Comparison of theoretical and experimental results of overheat time

序号	初始压力/bar	初始液位/%	初始气相体积/L	理论过热时间 t/ms	实验测量平均过热时间 $t ˉ$ /ms	相对误差/%	平均误差/%
1	1.7	70	5.2	54.4	49.6	9.7	9.2
2	2.7	70	5.2	49.9	46.3	7.8
3	3.7	70	5.2	20.5	23.3	12.0
4	4.7	70	5.2	12.3	13.6	9.6
5	2.7	50	8.6	74.2	68.3	8.6
6	2.7	60	6.9	60.6	55.7	8.8
7	2.7	80	3.5	34.2	31.7	7.9

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