板式换热器Ni-P-TiO2复合纳米镀层微生物污垢特性

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20200175

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

换热器微生物污垢问题普遍存在于能源化工领域，污垢的聚集会导致设备的流动阻力、燃料消耗和维护成本支出大幅度增加。本文采用复合纳米镀层来抑制和减轻换热表面的微生物污垢的附着和沉积。首先采用化学镀的方式，在板式换热器的不锈钢316板上镀覆 Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层和对照性的Ni-P 镀层。基于板式换热器的微生物污垢在线监测实验系统，研究了镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器微生物污垢特性。结果表明，清洁状态下，镀覆两种镀层的板式换热器其摩擦系数（f）和Nusselt数（Nu）相较未镀覆板式换热器均略有增加；微生物污垢实验后，相比较未镀覆的板式换热器，镀覆Ni-P镀层的板式换热器污垢热阻减少了8.36%~23.07%，而镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器污垢热阻减少了16.6%~30.96%；在相同微生物污垢实验工况下，镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器的摩擦系数（f）相比Ni-P镀层的低2.54%~11.82%，但Nu却明显高于Ni-P镀层达8.47%~9.45%，并且污垢热阻明显小于Ni-P镀层达10.66%~18.18%，镀覆Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层的板式换热器展现了优异的强化传热性能和抑垢性能。

关键词: 复合纳米镀层, 微生物污垢, 板式换热器, 传热传质, 沉积物

Abstract:

The problem of microbial fouling of heat exchangers is common in the field of energy and chemical industry. The accumulation of fouling will lead to a substantial increase in the flow resistance, fuel consumption and maintenance cost of equipment. In this paper, a nano-composite coating was prepared to reduce the adhesion and deposition of microbial fouling on heat exchange surface. Firstly, the Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ composite coatings and the controlled Ni-P coatings were prepared on stainless steel 316 plates of a plate heat exchanger by using electroless plating. Secondly, based on the heat exchanger microbial fouling on-line monitoring experimental system, the microbial fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers coated Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ composite coating were investigated experimentally. The results showed that the friction coefficient (f) and Nusselt number (Nu) of the two coated plate heat exchangers were a little higher than the uncoated one when it is in cleaning conditions. After the microbial fouling experiment, compared with the uncoated plate heat exchanger, the fouling resistance of Ni-P coated plate heat exchanger was reduced by 8.36%—23.07%, while the other one coated Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ was reduced by 16.6%—30.96%. Under the same microbial fouling experimental conditions, the heat transfer and fouling characteristics of the two coatings were compared and analyzed further. The friction coefficient (f) of plate heat exchanger coated Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ coating was reduced by 2.54%—11.82% compared with the coated Ni-P one, while Nu was increased by 8.47%—9.45%, and the fouling resistance was reduced by 10.66%—18.18% correspondingly. The plate heat exchanger coated Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ composite coating showed an excellent microbial fouling inhibition performance in heat mass transfer process.

Key words: composite nanomaterial coating, microbial fouling, plate heat exchanger, heat transfer and mass transfer, deposition

中图分类号:

TK 124

刘坐东, 李斯琪, 邢维维, 徐志明. 板式换热器Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层微生物污垢特性[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(8): 3535-3544.

Zuodong LIU, Siqi LI, Weiwei XING, Zhiming XU. Characteristics of microbial fouling on Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ composite coating of plate heat exchanger[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(8): 3535-3544.

图/表 15

表1 待测板式换热器的尺寸参数

Table 1 Dimension parameters of the test plate heat exchanger

材料

板片尺寸/mm

波纹

形式

波纹深度/mm

当量直径/mm

单流道截面积/

m²

角孔直径/

图1 表面的微观形貌

Fig.1 Surface micromorphology

表3 各表面的接触角以及表面能

Table 3 Contact angle and surface energy of each surface

表面	θ^w/(°)	θ^Di/(°)	θ^EG/(°)	γ^LW/(mJ/m²)	γ^-/(mJ/m²)	γ⁺/(mJ/m²)	γ^TOT/(mJ/m²)
不锈钢	95.0±0.6	25.7±0.8	48.6±0.5	44.56	2.29	0.81	47.09
Ni-P镀层	84.3±0.5	28.6±1.8	43.5±2.5	44.83	1.41	0.29	46.11
Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层	64.3±2.4	38.4±1.2	58.8±0.8	41.15	9.58	0.41	44.29

表2 测试液体的表面能

Table 2 Surface energy of the test liquid

测试液体

γ l

/(mJ/m²)

$γ l L W$ /

(mJ/m²)

$γ l A B$ /

(mJ/m²)

γ l +

/(mJ/m²)

γ l -

/(mJ/m²)

水

二碘甲烷

乙二醇

表2 测试液体的表面能

Table 2 Surface energy of the test liquid

测试液体

γ l

/(mJ/m²)

$γ l L W$ /

(mJ/m²)

$γ l A B$ /

(mJ/m²)

γ l +

/(mJ/m²)

γ l -

/(mJ/m²)

水

二碘甲烷

乙二醇

72.8

21.8

51.0

25.5

50.8

48.0

29.0

19.0

1.92

47.0

图2 实验系统图1—板式换热器；2—低温介质水箱；3—低温介质循环泵；4—旁通阀；5—冷端电磁流量计；6—冷端平衡阀；7—冷水进口压力表；8—冷水出口压力表；9—空冷水箱；10—散热器；11—空冷循环泵；12—换热扇；13—恒温水箱；14—高温介质循环泵；15—热端电磁流量计；16—热水进口压力表；17—热水出口压力表

Fig.2 Experimental system

表4 测量与计算的不确定度估计

Table 4 Uncertainty estimates for measurement and calculation

范宁

摩擦系数f

表5 仪器的不确定度

Table 5 Instrument uncertainty

Pt100热电阻	压差变送器	绕线电阻	A/D转换器	电磁流量计
0.2%	0.1%	0.05%	0.01%	0.5%

图3 实验系统稳定性验证

Fig.3 Stability verification of experimental system

图4 不同状态下f与Re的关系

Fig.4 Relationship between f and Re in different states

图5 不同状态下Nu与Re的关系

Fig.5 Relationship between Nu and Re in different states

表6 不同表面的f及Nu相关性

Table 6 Correlation between friction factors and Nu on different surfaces

表面	$f = C R e n$		$N u = C R e n P r m μ f / μ w 0.14$
表面	清洁状态	污垢状态	清洁状态	污垢状态
不锈钢	C=28.58,n=-0.57	C=166.49,n=-0.73	C=0.238,n=0.50	C=0.052,n=0.69
Ni-P镀层	C=30.53,n=-0.59	C=190.45,n-0.76	C=0.245,n=0.51	C=0.144,n=0.55
Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层	C=42.35,n=-0.64	C=267.25,n=-0.83	C=0.161,n=0.59	C=0.205,n=0.52

表6 不同表面的f及Nu相关性

Table 6 Correlation between friction factors and Nu on different surfaces

表面	$f = C R e n$		$N u = C R e n P r m μ f / μ w 0.14$
表面	清洁状态	污垢状态	清洁状态	污垢状态
不锈钢	C=28.58,n=-0.57	C=166.49,n=-0.73	C=0.238,n=0.50	C=0.052,n=0.69
Ni-P镀层	C=30.53,n=-0.59	C=190.45,n-0.76	C=0.245,n=0.51	C=0.144,n=0.55
Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层	C=42.35,n=-0.64	C=267.25,n=-0.83	C=0.161,n=0.59	C=0.205,n=0.52

表7 不同流速下各表面污垢热阻的波动范围

Table 7 Fluctuation range of fouling resistance on different surfaces at different flow rates

表面	热阻波动范围/（m²·K/W）
表面	0.1 m/s	0.2 m/s	0.3 m/s
不锈钢表面	-2.69×10^-5~25.59×10^-5	-1.91×10^-5~19.72×10^-5	-0.80×10^-5~12.49×10^-5
Ni-P镀层	-1.44×10^-5~22.50×10^-5	-0.47×10^-5~16.75×10^-5	-0.31×10^-5~11.17×10^-5
Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层	-0.57×10^-5~20.10×10^-5	-0.95×10^-5~14.98×10^-5	-1.19×10^-5~9.99×10^-5

图6 不同流速下不锈钢316板片、Ni-P镀层和Ni-P-TiO2复合纳米镀层表面的污垢热阻A—不锈钢；B—Ni-P镀层；C—Ni-P-TiO2复合纳米镀层

Fig.6 Fouling resistance on stainless steel 316 plates, Ni-P coating and Ni-P-TiO2 composite coating at different flow rates

图7 流速对剪切力的影响

Fig.7 Effect of flow velocity on shear force

图8 流速对污垢热阻渐近值的影响

Fig.8 Effect of flow rate on asymptotic value of fouling resistance

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板式换热器Ni-P-TiO₂复合纳米镀层微生物污垢特性

Characteristics of microbial fouling on Ni-P- (nano) TiO₂ composite coating of plate heat exchanger

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