酶分子的自驱动及其介导的微纳马达

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221053

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在生命活动中扮演重要角色的生物催化剂酶，被发现在催化底物转化的过程中能表现分子水平的扩散增强行为。这种自驱动的扩散增强现象提供了一个研究酶的新角度：酶分子马达(EMM)。受到天然生物分子马达的启发，EMM被用作“引擎”开发出了一系列的酶驱动微纳马达和微泵，将催化过程中的化学能转化为动能，驱动微纳尺度的运动。通过巧妙的设计，酶驱动微纳设备可以实现功能化、完成各种任务，引起了广泛的关注。然而，EMM和酶驱动微纳设备的运动机理尚处于争论之中，酶驱动设备尺寸、结构、酶的性质对运动性能的影响也尚未明晰，制约着EMM和微纳设备的研究和应用。因此，本文综述EMM的自驱动运动以及作为“引擎”驱动的微纳马达和微泵。首先，简述低Reynolds数环境中实现微观自驱动运动的条件，阐述酶分子的自驱动和趋化行为，归类EMM运动机理；其次，归纳酶驱动微纳马达和微泵，重点评述酶分子作为“引擎”驱动人工合成微纳马达的实现途径及其潜在应用；最后，总结酶分子自驱动及其驱动微纳尺度运动存在的主要挑战，并提出进一步研究的重点方向。

关键词: 酶, 生物催化, 纳米技术, 自驱动, 趋化性

Abstract:

Enzymes that play an essential role in life activities as biocatalysts have been reported to exhibit enhanced diffusion during the bioconversion of substrate to product. This self-driven diffusion-enhanced phenomenon provides a new angle to study enzymes: enzyme molecular motors (EMMs). Inspired by natural biomolecular motors, EMM was used as the “engine” to fabricate various enzyme-powered micro-/nanomotors (EMNMs) and micropumps (EMPs), converting chemical energy to mechanical energy and propelling movement at the micro-/nanoscale. Through ingenious design, EMNMs have been functionalized for accomplishing various tasks, attracting more and more attention. However, the precise movement mechanisms of EMM and EMNM are still under debate in current literature. The effects of size, structure, and enzyme properties on the micro-/nanoscale movement are still unclear. These limit the investigation of the application of EMNM and EMP. This article is devoted to reviewing the self-propelled molecular movement of EMM, as well as the movement of EMNM and EMP using an enzyme as the “engine”. First, the condition for realizing the molecular and micro-/nanoscale movement in the ultralow Reynolds number regime, the self-propulsion and chemotaxis of EMM, and the movement mechanism of the reported EMM were introduced. Then, the classification of the various EMNM and EMP are discussed, emphasizing the approach of enzyme-powered microscale movement and the potential application of EMNM. Finally, major challenges in the development of enzyme-powered devices are addressed and future research into this crucial field is proposed.

Key words: enzyme, biocatalysis, nanotechnology, self-propulsion, chemotaxis

中图分类号:

TQ 013.2

胡阳, 孙彦. 酶分子的自驱动及其介导的微纳马达[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(1): 116-132.

Yang HU, Yan SUN. Self-propulsion of enzyme and enzyme-induced micro-/nanomotor[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(1): 116-132.

图/表 6

图1 低Reynolds数环境的运动(a) 三联杆有效运动机理[15]; (b) 酶分子马达和酶驱动微纳设备的运动

Fig.1 The movement at a low Reynolds number(a) the motion mechanism of a theoretical 3-link swimmer[15]; (b) the movement of EMM and enzyme-propelled micro/nanodevice

图2 酶分子马达及其趋化行为(a) 脲酶分子马达底物依赖性的扩散增强行为[5]; (b) DNA聚合酶在底物和辅酶存在时的扩散增强行为[23]; (c) 观测酶分子马达趋化行为微流控设备示意图[24]; (d) 催化级联反应酶分子马达的趋化行为[31]

Fig.2 Enzyme molecular motor and its chemotaxis(a) schematic and experiment result illustrating the substrate-dependent diffusion enhancement of urease[5]; (b) schematic and experiment result illustrating the enhanced diffusion of DNA polymerase[23]; (c) schematic illustration of the microfluidics for the observation of EMM chemotaxis[24]; (d) the chemotaxis behavior of the enzyme catalyzing a cascade reaction[31]

图3 酶驱动人工合成微纳马达(a) 过氧化氢酶驱动管状微米马达[10]; (b) 脲酶驱动微米马达及其运动控制示意图[50]; (c) 酯酶驱动微米马达[52]; (d) 级联酶催化驱动微米马达的设计及其催化网络[58]

Fig.3 Artificial enzyme-powered micro-/nanomotor(a) schematic illustrating the micromotor propelled by catalase[10]; (b) illustration of the propulsion and movement control of urease-based micromotor[50]; (c) lipase-powered micromotor[52]; (d) design and catalytic network of micromotor powered by enzymatic cascade reactions[58]

图4 DNA聚合酶驱动微泵示意图[23]

Fig.4 Schematic illustrating micropump powered by DNA polymerase[23]

图5 酶驱动微纳马达的运动控制(a) 过氧化氢酶驱动马达在不同底物浓度下的扩散系数[64]; (b) 不同酶驱动纳米马达的运动速度[72]; (c) 不同尺寸过氧化氢酶驱动微米马达运动行为示意图[77]; (d) 光热效应调控酶驱动纳米马达运动速度示意图[80]

Fig.5 Motion control of EMNM(a) diffusion coefficient of nanomotor powered by catalase at different substrate concentrations[64]; (b) speed of nanomotor propelled by different enzymes[72]; (c) schematic illustrating the movement of micromotors with different sizes[77]; (d) illustration showing the movement control of enzyme-powered nanomotor through photothermal effect[80]

图6 酶驱动微纳马达的应用(a) 脲酶驱动纳米马达用于药物递送示意图[85]; (b) 脲酶驱动纳米马达用于检测局部pH[91]

Fig.6 Application of EMNM(a) schematic illustrating the urease-powered nanomotor for drug delivery[85]; (b) urease-powered nanomotor used to detect local pH[91]

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