考虑气泡非均匀耗散的矩形反应器声流场数值模拟及结构优化

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20230236

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

声流效应能够有效强化声反应器内的传质过程，大型声反应器中声流驱动力主要来源于声波非线性耗散。以大型壁面式声反应器作为研究对象，采用考虑气泡非均匀分布的非线性声学模型预测声场，耦合声体积力求解三维声流场分布，通过粒子图像测速技术验证模型准确性，研究了超声功率、反应器宽度和液位高度对声流效应的影响规律。结果表明，提高超声功率能够显著提升声流效果，但密集的空化气泡会产生强烈的耗散，导致空化能量的转化率降低；狭窄空间严重阻碍声流发展，反应器空间过于宽阔无益于扩大高流速区域，反而会降低整体的声流强化性能，变化曲线表明40 kHz、60 W驱动条件下能达到最优声流效果的最佳响应宽度和高度分别在200 mm和100 mm左右。

关键词: 数值模拟, 声流, 气泡, 声反应器, 粒子图像测速, 优化设计

Abstract:

The acoustic flow effect can effectively enhance the mass transfer process in the acoustic reactor, and the driving force of the acoustic flow in the large acoustic reactor mainly comes from the nonlinear dissipation of acoustic waves. A nonlinear acoustic model combined with non-uniform bubbles distribution was employed to predict the acoustic field in a bath-type scale-upsonoreactor. Volume force was coupled with the acoustic field to predict the three-dimension acoustic streaming field. The accuracy of the numerical model was verified through particle image velocimetry. The influence of ultrasonic power, reactor width, and liquid level on acoustic streaming was studied. The results show that while increasing ultrasonic power improved acoustic streaming, it also intensified dissipation, reducing the conversion rate of cavitation energy. The narrow space seriously hinders the development of acoustic flow. While oversized reactor is not conducive to high velocity region volume, but even degrades performance of acoustic streaming effect. The variation curves indicate that under an ultrasonic input of 60 W at 40 kHz, the optimal reactor size and liquid level are about 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively.

Key words: numerical simulation, acoustic streaming, bubble, sonoreactor, PIV, optimization design

中图分类号:

O 35

王泽栋, 石至平, 刘丽艳. 考虑气泡非均匀耗散的矩形反应器声流场数值模拟及结构优化[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(5): 1965-1973.

Zedong WANG, Zhiping SHI, Liyan LIU. Numerical simulation and optimization of acoustic streaming considering inhomogeneous bubble cloud dissipation in rectangular reactor[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(5): 1965-1973.

图/表 14

表1 模拟参数设置

Table 1 Value of physical properties in simulation

物性参数	数值
密度ρ/(kg/m³)	998
声速c/(m/s)	1500
动力黏度μ/(Pa·s)	0.001
气泡平均半径R₀/μm	30^[24]
气泡内平衡压力P₀/Pa	1.0135×10⁵
液体表面张力系数σ/(N/m)	7.28×10^-2
气体的热扩散系数D/(m²/s)	1.9×10^-5
气体的比热容比γ	1.327

图1 声流场计算流程示意图

Fig.1 Flow chart of acoustic streaming simulation

图2 声反应器结构及网格划分

Fig.2 Geometry of ultrasonic reactor and meshing

图3 网格无关性分析(1 bar=0.1 MPa)

Fig.3 Grid independent analysis

图4 PIV实验装置示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of PIV experimental device

图5 真实流场与模拟流场对比

Fig.5 Comparison between the real flow field and the simulated flow field

图6 不同超声功率条件下高流速区域及速度分布云图

Fig.6 High velocity zone and velocity distribution with ultrasonic power

图7 高流速区域占比φ和全场平均流速u¯随超声功率的变化曲线

Fig.7 The curve of high velocity zone proportion φ and average velocity u¯ with ultrasonic power

图8 平均声强I¯随超声功率的变化曲线

Fig.8 The curve of average acoustic intensity I¯ with ultrasonic power

图9 不同矩形反应器宽度条件下高流速区域及速度分布云图

Fig.9 High velocity zone and velocity distribution with different reactor width

图10 绝对声压云图和体积力分布

Fig.10 Distribution of absolute acoustic pressure and volume force

图11 液位高度对声流场分布的影响

Fig.11 Effect of height on acoustic streaming field

图12 不同宽度条件下全场平均流速u¯和高流速区域占比φ随液位高度的变化曲线

Fig.12 The curve of the average velocity u¯ and the high velocity zone proportion φ with liquid level under different width conditions

图13 宽度为100 mm、液位高度为200 mm条件下的流场状态（左侧为绝对声压云图和体积力分布，右侧为流场云图和流线分布）

Fig.13 The acoustic streaming field under the condition of 100 mm width and 200 mm liquid level (the left side is the absolute sound pressure field and body force, and the right side is the acoustic streaming field and streamline)

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