面向高热流电子器件散热的环路热管研究进展

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20221056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环路热管是一种高效的两相传热装置，在高热流电子器件散热领域极具前景。介绍了平板式环路热管目前存在的三大瓶颈问题，即极限热通量不能满足某些大功率器件的需求、温度波动问题和低功率下启动失败及温度过冲问题，分析了这些问题产生的原因，并总结了近十年来研究人员提出的解决方法，包括毛细芯性能改良、工质优化和环路热管结构改进等。随后列举了已取得实际应用的环路热管结构及其使用场合。最后对平板式环路热管的研究现状进行了总结，并提出了进一步的研究方向，为提高环路热管综合性能和实现商业化应用提供参考。

关键词: 传热, 环路热管, 优化设计, 蒸发, 传热极限, 温度波动, 启动

Abstract:

Loop heat pipe is an efficient two-phase heat transfer device, which has great prospects in the field of heat dissipation of high-heat-flux electronic devices. This paper introduces the three current bottleneck problems of the plate loop heat pipe, namely, the limit heat flux cannot meet the needs of some high-power devices, the temperature fluctuation problem, the failure to start at low power and the problem of temperature overshoot. The reasons for these problems are analyzed and the solutions proposed by researchers in the past decade are summarized, which includes the optimization of wick, the improvement of working fluid and the modification of loop heat pipe structure. The applications of loop heat pipes are also introduced. Finally, the research status of loop heat pipes with flat evaporator is summarized, and further research directions are prospected to improve the comprehensive performance and realize the commercial application of loop heat pipes.

Key words: heat transfer, loop heat pipe, optimal design, evaporation, heat transfer limit, temperature oscillation, start-up

中图分类号:

TK 124

魏进家, 刘蕾, 杨小平. 面向高热流电子器件散热的环路热管研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(1): 60-73.

Jinjia WEI, Lei LIU, Xiaoping YANG. Research progress of loop heat pipes for heat dissipation of high-heat-flux electronic devices[J]. CIESC Journal, 2023, 74(1): 60-73.

图/表 15

图1 环路热管结构示意图

Fig.1 Configuration of the loop heat pipe

图2 平板式蒸发器示意图[8]

Fig.2 Structures of flat evaporator[8]

图3 造孔剂法制备双孔径毛细芯

Fig.3 Bi-porous wick fabricated by dissolvable pore formers

图4 不同粒径制备的分层毛细芯[23]

Fig.4 Bi-porous wick fabricated by different particle size[23]

图5 H2O2氧化法处理前后毛细芯电镜图[25]

Fig.5 SEM images of the wick before and after H2O2 oxidation[25]

图6 木炭毛细芯电镜图[29]

Fig.6 SEM image of the carbon wick[29]

表1 常见工质在平板式环路热管中的应用

Table 1 Application of common working fluids in loop heat pipes with flat evaporator

工质	工质使用温度范围/℃	毛细芯材质	热管外壳材质	热负荷/W	热通量/（W·cm^-2）	文献
去离子水	20~200	黄铜	紫铜，不锈钢，聚碳酸酯	50~550	10.3~113.6	[34]
		紫铜	紫铜	20~380	5~95	[35-36]
		紫铜	紫铜，聚碳酸酯	25~550	4~88	[37]
		紫铜	紫铜，铝合金	50~750	5.6~83.3	[31]
		紫铜	紫铜	20~600	2.2~66.7	[38]
		紫铜	紫铜	20~900	1.25~56.30	[2]
		不锈钢	紫铜，不锈钢	50~550	4.4~48.6	[39]
		紫铜	紫铜	50~550	2~22	[1]
氨	-60~100		紫铜，不锈钢	5~300	0.4~23.9	[40]
		镍	不锈钢	6~330	0.4~20.6	[41]
			不锈钢	2.5~180.0	0.2~10.8	[42]
甲醇	0~130	不锈钢	紫铜，黄铜	30~190	6.2~39.3	[43]
		紫铜	紫铜	20~380	1.25~23.80	[2]
		不锈钢	黄铜	20~240	1.6~19.1	[44]
		聚丙烯	不锈钢	3~130	0.2~10.6	[45]
丙酮	0~120	不锈钢	紫铜，不锈钢	60~260	4.2~18.2	[33]
丙酮	0~120	不锈钢	不锈钢，铝	50~280	3.5~19.6	[46]
乙醇	0~130	紫铜	紫铜	20~320	1.25~20.00	[2]
乙醇	0~130	铜纤维	紫铜，铝合金	30~200	0.6~4.0	[47]

图7 改进后的蒸发器结构

Fig.7 Optimized evaporator structures

图8 改进后的环路热管结构

Fig.8 Optimized loop heat pipe structures

图9 耦合沸腾换热的环路热管[34]

Fig.9 Loop heat pipe coupled with boiling chamber[34]

图10 不同热导率材料制备的复合毛细芯[32]

Fig.10 Composite wick fabricated by materials with different thermal conductivity[32]

图11 移除漏热的环路热管结构

Fig.11 Loop heat pipe structure capable of removing heat leakage

图12 耦合气液两相流引射器的环路热管温度波动情况[78]

Fig.12 Temperature oscillations in the loop heat pipe with a vapor-driven jet injector[78]

图13 环路热管运用于CPU和LED芯片散热

Fig.13 Application of loop heat pipes in heat dissipation of CPU and LED chips

图14 环路热管运用于通信基站和电动汽车电池散热

Fig.14 Application of loop heat pipes in heat dissipation of base station and battery pack

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