Porous polymeric materials that possess high porosity, good processability, and light mass are widely used in chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental engineering. High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating provides a simple and efficient way to prepare porous polymer materials (i.e., polyHIPEs), and the shape and structure of the as-prepared polyHIPEs can be well controlled, therefore, it receives a great deal of attentions. This article focuses on the recent research progress of amphiphilic block copolymer stabilized HIPEs and the preparation of porous polymers by HIPE templating. In addition, frontiers in the applications of such porous polymeric materials in the fields of adsorption and separation, biomedicine, energy storage, and catalytic materials are also introduced. Finally, the future development in both of the preparation and application of polyHIPEs are prospected.

As a highly efficient and compact gas-liquid two-phase heat transfer device, the flat heat pipe has been widely used in heat dissipation occasions with high heat flux in a narrow space. In order to promote the thermal performance of flat plate heat pipe, many scholars focused on how to enhance evaporation/boiling process, condensation process, vapor transport process and liquid transport process that operating inside the flat plate heat pipe. Besides, thermophysical property of working fluid and thermal conductivity of wall material had great impact on the thermal performance of flat plate heat pipe, hence they also had attracted the attention from scholars. In this paper, the researches on the enhancement of four operating process in the flat plate heat pipe, as well as the working fluid and wall material of the flat plate heat pipe in the recent decades were summarized. Based on the exited problems, this paper provides research scopes and references for future study on enhanced thermal performance of flat plate heat pipe.

Crude oil operations are an important part of petroleum supply chain, including multiple industrial processes such as crude oil procurement, crude oil distribution, crude oil transportation, crude oil storage and crude oil blending in the production process of refinery enterprises. The optimization of crude oil operation process has high academic theoretical value and industrial application value, and its related work is the currently focus of academia and industry at present. This paper is divided into three parts to summarize the research progress of crude oil operation process optimization. Firstly, this paper briefly describes the crude oil operation process, and analyzes the difficulties of its optimization problems. Secondly, from the three research perspectives of optimization model, optimization algorithm and uncertainty optimization method, this paper focuses on the four main research directions of crude oil procurement optimization, crude oil storage and transportation optimization, crude oil blending optimization, and crude oil operations optimization under uncertain conditions. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the current problems in the optimization of crude oil operation process, and prospects the future development direction and trend of this field.

The working fluid viscosity is very important for the design and optimization of refrigeration systems. R513A is expected to be the main alternative refrigerant for R134a in chiller/heat pump due to its good environmental protection characteristics and thermal cycle performance. In order to further explore the viscosity characteristics of R513A, a liquid viscosity measurement system for refrigerant was designed and built based on the capillary method, and the capillary viscometer was calibrated using R134a as the standard liquid. The saturated liquid viscosity of R513A was measured in the temperature range of 253.15—333.15 K. The results showed that the saturated liquid viscosity of R513A was slightly lower than that of R134a. The saturated liquid viscosity of R513A were predicted by using R-K polynomial equation, hard sphere model with mixing rule, the average absolute deviation and maximum absolute deviation were 0.71% and 1.65% by R-K equation, the average absolute deviation and maximum absolute deviation were 2.02% and 3.39% by RSH method. It can be seen that the above two models can predict the saturated liquid viscosity of R513A well, and the research results can provide important references for the alternative applications of R513A.

HFE-7100/water as a non-azeotropic and immiscible working medium can broaden the effective temperature range of nucleate boiling heat transfer. At present, it is not clear about its boiling heat transfer characteristics and bubble movement mechanism on the micro-nano composite surface. In this paper, a hierarchical micro/nano structured surface composed of nano-particles and micro-holes was fabricated by the bubble-template-assisted electro-deposition method. Surface wettability and bubble dynamics during the boiling refrigerant transition (BRT) were investigated to clarify the heat transfer characteristics of HFE-7100/water boiling on the hierarchical micro/nano structured surface. The results show that the bubbles experience the small bubbles coalescence, gas film expansion and water nucleates on the heated surface at the BRT of HFE-7100/water. During the BRT process, there is a competition of liquid wetting between HFE-7100 and water on the surface. With the increase of superheat, stable nucleate boiling of thin HFE-7100 layer is broken and the upper water fluid can pass through the HFE-7100 layer to wet the heated surface, completing the BRT process. Compared with single liquid boiling, the HFE-7100/water boiling widens the effective temperature range of 343—423 K. This work clarifies the boiling heat transfer characteristics of HFE-7100/water on the hierarchical micro/nano structured surface and provides guidelines for structure design of enhanced heat transfer surfaces.

Through a series of indoor sand column simulation experiments, the effect of flow velocity on the retention-migration behavior of colloids in saturated porous media was studied. The COMSOL software was used to simulate and fit the experimental data to obtain the key parameters that characterize colloid deposition. The experimental results show that the increase of the flow rate shortens the residence time of the colloid in the porous medium, and enhances the hydrodynamic drag force, resulting in a decrease in the adsorption capacity of the medium to the colloid, which is beneficial to the migration of the colloid. The continuation of the recharge time causes the permeability coefficient of porous media to decrease, and the permeability coefficient can be restored in a short time by increasing the flow velocity instantaneously. However, the permeability of the subsequent formation of new adsorption will still decrease. Factors such as water source ionic strength and medium roughness will affect the flow rate effect of colloid migration. The simulation results show that under the same conditions, the adsorption coefficient increases with the increase of ionic strength and increases with the increase of flow rate. On the whole, the increase in ionic strength can offset part of the influence of hydrodynamic drag and increase the probability of colloid retention in porous media. From glass beads to quartz sand, the increase in the surface roughness of the medium can also weaken the hydrodynamic drag. At the same time, the drag force increases the adsorption, deposition point and contact area of the colloid and the medium, which causes the colloid to easily stagnate in the porous medium and may further cause the medium to block.

When the fine-particle powder is blanked, it is subjected to gas-solid hydrodynamics to form an inverse pressure gradient near the outlet of the silo, making the experimental value of the powder blanking flow rate far lower than the theoretical prediction value. Moreover, this inverse pressure gradient force is difficult to measure directly, posing a challenge to model revision and development. In this paper, glass beads, fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst particles, lignite and PVC particles were used as experimental materials. Firstly, the static and kinetic tests of powders were carried out, and the flow characteristics of different powders were analyzed by angle of repose (AOR), Hausner ratio (HR) and Carr flowability index (CFI). Immediately afterwards, based on the analysis of the gas-solid flow characteristics near the outlet of the powder hopper, and combined with the Jenike flow and non-flow criterion, the reverse pressure gradient force acting on the fine powder was introduced into the arch stress equilibrium equation. Furthermore, a logical block diagram of the algorithm for obtaining the inverse pressure gradient force using an iterative algorithm is proposed to achieve the prediction of the inverse pressure gradient and the modification of the silo discharging model. The established powder discharging flow rate model takes into account the influence of gas-solid hydrodynamics on the powder discharging flow, which effectively improves the disadvantage of the traditional model in predicting the fine powder flow rate, and the deviation of the model prediction is reduced from over 60% to ±20%.

In order to explore heat transfer mechanism of cross-flow rotating packed bed, heat transfer performance of cross-flow rotating packed bed with wire mesh packing and random packing was investigated by using hot air-ammonia as heat transfer system. And the effects of inlet temperature T, high gravity factor β, liquid spray density q and gas velocity u on the heat transfer performance of cross-flow rotating packed bed were investigated. The research results showed that volumetric mass transfer coefficient of gas phase k_ya_e and volumetric heat transfer coefficient (Ua)_sincreased with the increase of inlet temperature, high gravity factor, gas velocity and liquid spray density. Heat transfer efficiency ε and heat transfer area A also increased with the increase of high gravity factor, gas velocity and liquid spray density and the heat transfer coefficient K was almost unchanged. The results revealed that the mechanism of the cross-flow rotating packed bed to enhance gas-liquid direct heat transfer was to increase the heat transfer area to improve the volumetric heat transfer coefficient, rather than to significantly increase the heat transfer coefficient. Under the same conditions, k_ya_e and (Ua)_s are 1.09—1.63 times and 1.24—3.53 times that of random packing with wire mesh as filler, respectively.

Although the position of the gas injection port of the Venturi-type microbubble generator will have a direct impact on the fragmentation characteristics of the bubbles in the Venturi flow channel, there has been a lack of targeted in-depth research so far. Through the visual experiment method, the gas-liquid flow pattern, bubble breakage characteristics and bubble formation characteristics when the gas injection port is located at the throat pipe (type 1) and the water inlet pipe (type 2) are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the gas-liquid flow rate sensitively influences the gas-liquid flow pattern in type 1 microbubble generator. And there were three different flow patterns: bubbly flow, slug flow and annular flow in the whole process, while the flow pattern of type 2 microbubble generator was always bubbly flow. Under the same operating parameters, the average bubble size of type 1 microbubble generator was smaller than that of type 2. With the increase of the liquid Reynolds number, the difference of bubble diameter between the two kinds microbubble generator decreases. The reason can be ascribed to large bubble interface area under slug flow pattern. The slug bubble receives more energy, and the bubble surface instability is more significant. With the increase of Reynolds number, the initial bubble volume decreases, and the turbulent breakage mechanism plays the dominant role, which covers the bubble breakage caused by interface instability. The energy consumption of type 1 microbubble generator is higher than that of type 2. With the increase of liquid Reynolds number, the difference between the two kinds microbubble generator increases. In summary, the type 2 microbubble generator can generate microbubbles under low energy consumption, and has more advantages for engineering applications.

A CFD-DEM model of gas-solid two-phase flow in spouted bed was established based on the dynamic double-grid method. At the same time, the radial mixing experiment and simulation study in spouted bed were carried out. The characteristics of stagnation zone in spouted bed within 0—2.0 s were compared and analyzed with the single-grid method, which verified the reliability of the calculation results using the dynamic double-grid method. Then, the spouted bed with different inlet gas velocities and different initial stacking heights is numerically simulated, focusing on tracking the particle flow process in the stagnation area. The results show that: the experimental results of radial mixing are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. There is a certain stagnation area in the spouted bed, and the particle mobility in the stagnation area is poor. The initial stacking height is constant, and with the increase of inlet velocity, the height decline rate of stagnation zone and the extension speed to nozzle have no obvious change. The inlet velocity remains the same. With the increase of the initial accumulation height, the falling velocity of particles in the stagnation zone also increases, but the extension velocity toward the nozzle gradually slows down.

The spray flash technology has become one of the effective methods to solve the shortage of fresh water resources due to its low energy consumption, good separation effect and high cooling capacity. Based on the spray-assisted low-temperature desalination technology, this paper develops the thermodynamic calculation of the internal heat and mass balance of the system, and studies the effect of the spray flash system's operating stages and the top brine temperature on the flash evaporation effect. The research results show that a higher top brine temperature can significantly improve production efficiency. When the top brine temperature is 363 K, the productivity is 3.325 kg/s and the performance ratio is 0.627. Response surface method is used to optimize the spray flash evaporation system, determine the best operating conditions of the system and the model relationship of each response. And the best parameters of the system for desalination are obtained: the top brine temperature is 343 K, the seawater inlet flow rate is 10 kg/s, the cooling water inlet temperature is 303 K, and the cooling water inlet flow rate is 9.5 kg/s.

Ionic liquid catalysts can significantly increase the rate of alkylation reaction, and it is of great significance to develop high-efficiency reactors suitable for this process. Based on the advantages of microreactor in process intensification, microreactor used for alkylation reaction was designed in this paper. The flow behavior of simulated fluid system was investigated and the phase separation in a wide range of throughput was achieved continuously. According to the above study, the isobutane alkylation was realized in microreactor, and the effects of residence time, temperature and droplet size on the reaction performance were studied. This research finds that the reaction can be finished in 2 s; the maximum selectivity of C₈ and TMPs/DMHs are 70.90% and 13.4 respectively, which are both higher than that in stirred tank reactor. This survey indicates that the microreactor has great potential in optimizing the alkylation reaction performance.

A boron phosphate/silica oxide (BPO₄/SiO₂) catalyst with fibrous structure after calcination was prepared by electrospinning. The effects of BPO₄ loadings and calcination temperatures of the catalysts on the structure and catalytic performance for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) were investigated. Studies have found that the calcination process reduces the fiber diameter. With the increase of BPO₄ loading, the activity of propane oxidative dehydrogenation increased. The BPO₄/SiO₂ catalyst calcined at 600℃ with BPO₄ loading of 7%(mass) showed the best catalytic performance for ODHP. The conversion rate of propane and the yield of propylene for the catalyst at the reaction temperature of 480℃ reached 17.0% and 13.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the stability test indicated that the catalyst was stable during the reaction. The results showed that when the calcination temperature was low (550℃), the organic molecules in the catalysts were not completely removed, resulting in low olefin selectivity. However, the SiO₂ structure shrank tightly and inhibited the exposure of the active phase with the high calcination temperature (700℃). The catalytic activity of the nanofibrous catalyst was much higher than the conventional bulk BPO₄ catalyst at the same conditions, demonstrating that the structure could expose more active sites.

In order to solve the SO₂ poisoning problem of the existing Mn-based catalytic filter bags, a catalytic filter bag based on V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ was prepared for the simultaneous removal of NO_x and dust in the range of 180—260℃. The experimental results displayed that the double-layer filter bags had excellent denitration activity and SO₂/H₂O-resistant stability when the gas filter surface velocity was 0.2 m/min. The double-layer catalytic filter bags were used in the pilot-scale test of pure oxygen glass kiln, when the flue gas volume was about 2000—3000 m³/h, SO₂ concentration in the range of 20—30 mg/m³, the water vapor content was 10%(vol) and NO_x concentration in the range of 400—550 mg/m³, the NO_x conversion reached 88.14%—95.06% from 170℃ to 210℃, and the good denitration performance of catalytic filter bags had been verified. After 1500 h of continuous operation, the activity showed a slight decay of about 5%. Under high-sulfur flue gas conditions (300—500 mg/m³) for 100 h continuous operation, the catalytic filter bag was found to be deactivated. SEM-EDS and XPS characterizations proved that the catalyst deactivation was due to the deposition of ammonium sulfate on the surface of the filter bag fiber and the part of active site is covered.

The reforming of bio-oil to syngas can not only make full use of the components in bio-oil, but also demonstrate the high-value utilization potential of bio-oil into chemicals. NiFe₂O₄ and Ni based catalysts were coupled to form a catalytic coupling chemical looping reaction system. In order to compare the influence mechanism of catalysts, Ni/Si-NiFe and Ni/VR-NiFe catalytic coupling chemical looping systems were constructed respectively. The pure substances and mixtures of guaiacol, acetic acid and ethanol were used as the models of biomass pyrolysis liquid. The effects of catalyst ratio, reaction temperature, water carbon ratio and reaction time on the product distribution were investigated by steam reforming experiment. Based on the screen of reaction conditions, the stability of the reaction system was further verified by life test, bet and SEM characterization. Finally, the reforming mechanism of the chemical looping coupling catalytic system was analysed through the single component and mixed liquid reforming reaction. The article provided an important theoretical support for biomass thermal conversion to produce chemicals.

Under the same hydrothermal synthesis conditions, using oxidized carbon black as the hard template and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the soft template, a series of intracrystalline mesopores were prepared by one-step crystallization method. And the multi-porous ZSM-5 zeolite dominated by amorphous mesopores. The commercial carbon black was oxidized by sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid to increase its hydrophilicity and dispersion, thus promoting the interaction between ZSM-5 precursor and carbon particles in the crystallization process. The effects of different carbon sources and CTAB on the physicochemical properties of the hierarchical ZSM-5 were discussed. Meanwhile, these catalysts were used in the catalytic reforming of lignite-derived volatiles to prepare light aromatics. The results show that the micro-mesoporous gradient ZSM-5 with uniform pore size can effectively solve the diffusion and mass transfer problem and inhibit the deactivation of the catalyst. ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized by oxidized carbon black with nitric acid showed good catalytic performance in the catalytic reforming of lignite-derived volatiles, in which the content of light aromatics was 27.0 mg/g and the selectivity was 81.7%. In addition, the catalyst can effectively reduce the coke content in hydrogen atmosphere.

Under different alkaline conditions, the B-HZSM-5 (B-H5) catalyst was hydrothermally synthesized to catalyze the pyrolysis of lignite volatiles to produce light aromatics in situ. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope(Gemini SEM 500), temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), and N₂ adsorption-desorption were used to characterize the morphology, acidity and textural properties of xB-HZSM-5. The higher weak acid content and the higher crystallinity of Na-xB-H5(added NaOH) were obtained under a stronger alkaline solution. Compared with parent ZSM-5, the weak acidity assigned to the B—OH—Si groups of Na-xB-H5 provided more active sites to absorb ethylene and propylene to promote methylation and alkylation processes. The highest alkylbenzene yield was obtained (11.4 mg/g) over Na-0.69B-H5 (B content was 0.69 g) with higher crystallinity, sufficient active sites and hierarchical micro/mesopore. However, the excess B also brought a negative effect on aromatization due to the reduced rate of stronger acid and weak acid. The Na-xB-H5 provided a great prospect to enhance the catalyticperformance of lignite vapors by the introduction of B in the framework of H5.

Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared with sequential impregnation of WO₃ and then Pt in α-Al₂O₃ supports without acid sites. The as-prepared were investigated the promotion of WO₃ catalysts in the reaction of hydrogenation of naphthene at mild reaction conditions. XRD, Raman, HRTEM, XPS, and H₂-TPR analyses reveal the basic structure and distribution of Pt and WO₃ species. Py-IR analyses reveal that the changing of acid sites after loading Pt and WO₃ species. Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃ catalysts have shown excellent catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of naphthalene to decalin at mild reaction conditions (70℃, 3 MPa, 1 h) with the conversion and selectivity of decalin are 100%. Combined with the characterization and catalytic performance, the pre-introduced Pt and WO₃ species caused the strong interaction between Pd sites and WO₃ and the efficient distribution of Pt by WO₃ species. The strong acidity of the catalyst and the high degree of Pt dispersion are the key factors for the deep hydrogenation of naphthalene by Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃ under low temperature conditions, which is of great significance for the process of decalin as a hydrogen storage medium.

With caprolactam-zirconium oxychloride octahydrate deep eutectic solvent as an additive component, a sol-gel method is used to synthesize zirconium-containing silica-gel, and then through a high-temperature calcination process to obtain n-ZrO₂/SiO₂ (n=2%, 4%, 6%) catalyst. The catalyst were characterized through Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results show that ZrO₂ was successfully loaded onto SiO₂. The desulfurization of a model oil was investigated using ZrO₂/SiO₂ as the catalyst and adsorbent, H₂O₂ as the oxidant. The effects of ZrO₂ loading, reaction temperature, the molar ratio of O/S, catalyst dosage, and different types of sulfides on the desulfurization were investigated respectively. The experimental results show that under the optimal reaction conditions of 4%-ZrO₂/SiO₂, 70℃ reaction temperature, n(H₂O₂)/n(S)=4, 4%-ZrO₂/SiO₂ dosage of 0.2 g, the sulfur removal rates of DBT, 4,6-DMDBT and BT were 98.7%, 93% and 65.9%. After 4%-ZrO₂/SiO₂ was recycled for 5 times, the desulfurization rate of DBT reached 91.8%.

The adsorption thermodynamics, kinetics and separation behavior of light alkanes/alkenes (CH₄/C₂H₄/C₂H₆/C₃H₆/C₃H₈) on ultramicroporous and flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) Cu(Qc)₂ were systematically studied by using combination of experimental and simulation methods. Ultramicroporous and flexible Cu(Qc)₂ was synthesized using a room temperature synthesis method for alkanes/alkenes separation. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic curves of these alkanes/alkenes on Cu(Qc)₂ were measured. The adsorption behavior of these light hydrocarbons on the Cu(Qc)₂ and the deformation of the material structure were studied by means of the Fortcite module of the Materials Studio. The results showed that Cu(Qc)₂ had excellent C₂H₆ /C₂H₄ adsorption selectivity and adsorption kinetics, while its adsorption selectivity to C₃H₈ /C₃H₆ was very weak. At 273 K and 0.1 MPa, the IAST selectivity of Cu(Qc)₂ for C₂H₆/C₂H₄ reached as high as 4.6. At 298 K and 0.05 MPa, the diffusion time constants of C₂H₆ and C₂H₄ on Cu(Qc)₂ reached 1.42×10^-3 and 1.48×10^-3 s^-1, respectively, and the activation energy of diffusion was 16.62 and 16.43 kJ/mol, respectively. The application of fixed bed packed with Cu(Qc)₂ can realize the complete separation of C₂H₆/C₂H₄ binary mixture under normal temperature conditions. The simulation results showed that Cu(Qc)₂ was a two-dimensional stack structure, which would undergo different degrees of structural deformation when different molecules were adsorbed. Methane would be ready to diffuse and desorb from the enlarged layer, resulting in a very low adsorption capacity; both C₂H₆ and C₂H₄ can be stably adsorbed in the pores in the layer, and the separation driving force mainly comes from the difference in the adsorption heats of the two molecules; C₃H₈ and C₃H₆ would be separately adsorbed in two different environments of Cu(Qc)₂, and the small difference in adsorption heats of these molecules makes the C₃H₈/C₃H₆ adsorption selectivity low.

To reduce methane emissions and achieve effective resource utilization of low concentration coalbed methane, the process of using a structured composite adsorbent for vacuum pressure swing adsorption to enrich low-concentration coal-bed methane was explored. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of pure gases (CH₄ and N₂) on the structured composite adsorption medium were measured under different pressures at a series of fixed temperatures by using the static volumetric method. Thus, a rigorous and reasonable mathematical model, including a set of conservation equation of mass, energy and momentum balances, was developed to precisely describe the dynamic behavior of multiple components in adsorption bed. A typical three-bed VPSA process with continuous feeding was designed and simulated. A comprehensive analysis was presented, relating to the process characteristics and performance such as temperature and pressure distribution in axial adsorption bed at cycle steady state. Additionally, effects of feed flow rate, desorption pressure, feed concentration and adsorption pressure on purity, recovery, energy consumption and productivity were investigated. The results showed that an effective separation performance of 59.07% CH₄ purity, 93.64% CH₄ recovery and 4.56 mol·h^-1·kg^-1 productivity with an energy consumption of 18.70 kJ·mol^-1, was finally got with the optimal parameters, while the feed flow rate, desorption pressure, feed concentration and adsorption pressure were 100 L·min^-1, 0.1 bar, 30% and 3 bar, respectively. Overall, this study indicated there is an effective adsorption and separation performance on CH₄/N₂ of structured composite adsorption media, which can achieve high-efficiency enrichment of methane in low concentration coalbed methane.

Excessive energy consumption restricts the large-scale application of multi-effect distillation (MED) seawater desalination technology. Although steady-state operation optimization can effectively reduce the short-term steam consumption rate of the MED system, the accumulation of fouling caused the system to increase steam consumption and reduce plant production during long-term operation. For this reason, the feasible region model of operating conditions in the MED system with thermal vapor compressor (MED-TVC) is established, which relates the location of operating points to the operating benefits. The time-varying analysis of feasible region shows that the operating point crossing the feasible region is the reason for the system performance degradation. Finally a full-cycle operating optimization method with time-varying constraints is proposed, which adjusts the operating conditions of the MED-TVC system in the full cycle to obtain the lowest steam consumption in the full cycle and uses the time-varying feasible region constraints to ensure that the optimization results meet the fresh water production requirements. The results show that the full-cycle operating optimization with time-varying constraints can effectively reduce the total motive steam consumption of the MED-TVC system while maintaining the designed fresh water output.

The highly toxic characteristics of fluorochemical products make it extremely important to monitor the operational reliability of fluorochemical process equipment. For this reason, this paper proposes a fuzzy inference system based on global-local structural analysis (GLSAFIS) to evaluate the operational reliability of fluorochemical process operation units online. After selecting the process variables of the operating unit according to the fluorochemical process flow, the global-local feature extraction of the operating unit process variables is carried out through the global-local structure analysis algorithm (GLSA). More importantly, GLSA transferred process data into a much lower feature space, which made it much more efficient to design fuzzy logics for a fuzzy inference system (FIS) and less dependent on expert knowledge. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through the fluorochemical R-22 production process located in East China and the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process. The results show that this method can accurately reflect the operating conditions of the actual chemical process operation unit, and plays an important role in monitoring the chemical process operation.

The traditional support vector data description (SVDD) method essentially uses a shallow learning framework, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor complex faults in nonlinear industrial processes. To solve this problem, a fault detection method based on weighted deep support vector data description (WDSVDD) is proposed. On the one hand, the objective function of SVDD optimization is redefined in the framework of deep learning, and a deep SVDD monitoring model (DSVDD) based on deep features is constructed. The kernel density estimation method is used to calculate the statistical control limit of monitoring indicator. On the other hand, considering the fault sensitivity difference of deep features, a feature weighting layer is added in the DSVDD monitoring model. The weighting factors are computed from the perspectives of the static and dynamic information analysis, respectively, which are used to highlight the influence of fault-sensitive features for improving the fault detection rate. The testing results on one typical chemical process show that the proposed method can monitor the occurrence of complex faults more effectively than the traditional SVDD method.

A bio-based benzoxazine monomer was synthesized by using cardanol, stearylamine and paraformaldehyde as raw materials. Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the thermal curing behavior of benzoxazine with tannic acid acting as the curing agent. The results show that tannic acid can effectively reduce the ring-opening curing temperature of benzoxazine. The polybenzoxazine primer was prepared on the surface of carbon steel sheet, and then the topcoat was obtained by adding amino-modified cellulose nanocrystalline. The bio-based superhydrophobic coating (PBTC) was constructed with static water contact angle of 161.1°±2.9°. The superhydrophobic coating exhibits good temperature resistance and scratch resistance. Moreover, the electrochemical measurement results indicated that the PBTC coating could still exhibit excellent corrosion resistance after immersion in NaCl aqueous solution for 30 days.

In a working environment containing particles media, the thermo-mechanical coupling deformation and friction and wear of mechanical seal ring made of hard materials play an important role in the leakage and service life of mechanical seal. In this paper, the friction between the ring and the abrasive is considered, the friction coefficient is measured by experiments, and the finite element calculation model of thermal mechanical coupling between the ring and the abrasive is established. The temperature field and end face deformation of WC-Co cemented carbide and SSiC ceramic seals are studied, and the variation of seal clearance under different working conditions is analyzed. The temperature, leakage and surface roughness of the seal ring before and after wear were tested and analyzed. The wear mechanism of the end face was discussed, and the accuracy of the calculation model was verified. The results show that the finite element model considering the friction heat of the moving ring can accurately predict the temperature and face deformation of the seal. Under the coupling effect, the outer diameter of the moving and static ring disconnects and the inner diameter fits, and the degree of deformation difference increases with the increase of pressure difference and speed. Deformation results in uneven distribution of wear marks on the end face and serious wear marks on the inner diameter. The end face of the WC-Co cemented carbide matched sealing ring has small deformation and small leakage. The high-hardness WC particles can produce a good “shadow response” to the Co matrix, and have good wear resistance. The toughness of SSiC ceramic material is poor, and it is easy to produce flake-shaped wear debris, and form transitional abrasive wear. The wear resistance of the material is poor, and the leakage increase is obvious. Under abrasive condition, WC-Co cemented carbide mechanical seal has the characteristics of small leakage and high wear resistance. The results provide a reference for the material application and design optimization of mechanical seals in granular media.

Coal has the advantages of high carbon content, developed aromatic structure and low cost. It is a high-quality precursor for the preparation of hard carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries. However, the graphitization degree, carbon layer spacing, and chemical composition of the coal-based hard carbons are different due to the complex structure and the presence of inorganic impurity in the various kinds of coal, which makes it challenging to optimize the electrochemical performance of coal-based hard carbon anodes. Herein, four types of coal with different grades of metamorphism are chosen to prepare a series of coal-based hard carbons by acid elution of ash and high-temperature carbonization treatment. Furthermore, the effects of the metamorphic grade and carbonization temperature on the microcrystalline structure and surface heteroatomic composition of coal-based hard carbon were studied, and the corresponding sodium storage behaviors were investigated as well. Therein, the hard carbon anode derived from lignite carbonized at 1400℃ exhibits the optimum performance, a high capacity of 338.8 mA·h·g^-1 is delivered at a current density of 0.02 A·g^-1 and a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 81.1% is displayed. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the larger carbon layer spacing and rich reversible sodium storage defect sites, which provide more sites for embedding and adsorbing sodium storage.

Increasing hydrate formation rate and gas storage density is very important for the application of natural gas hydrate storage and transportation technology. Three pieces of copper foam (CF) with different pore density herein were immersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution to build a gas storage enhancement system, and to study on the kinetic characteristics of the formation of methane hydrate by metal foam in a high-pressure static reactor. The research results showed that the copper foam framework can provide sufficient crystallization points for the formation of hydrates, at the same time, it can be used as a “highway” for hydration heat transfer during hydrate growth. Methane hydrate can be quickly formed in SDS/CF system, the maximum hydration gas storage rate is between 19.24—21.04 mmol·mol^-1·min^-1, the gas storage capacity of the SDS solution with 15 PPI copper foam was the highest (139 mmol·mol^-1), and it takes the shortest time to reach 90% of the maximum gas storage capacity (10.1 min). Under the pressure of 6.0—8.0 MPa, compared with SDS solution, the gas storage capacity of SDS solution with 15 PPI CF increased by 8.8%—35.6%, and the gas storage rates increased by 4.7%—40.4%. When the pressure is 5.0 MPa, the gas storage capacity of the pore density SDS/CF system is even increased by 13 times than that of the SDS solution, and the gas storage rate is increased by 16 times.

Based on the operation of the hydrocyclone which is employed to treat 200 t/h excess sludge in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Sichuan Province, the effects of hydrocyclone split ratio (F) on the morphology, settleability, concentration, composition and the release of carbon source of the underflow and overflow sludge are compared, and the feasibility of using the substance released from sludge treated by hydrocyclone as the carbon source for denitrification process was explored. The results show that after the sludge is treated by the cyclone, the structure of the underflow sludge becomes dense; the overflow sludge becomes loose. Under different conditions of split ratio, the ratios of proteins to polysaccharides (PN/PS) of both the underflow and overflow sludge increased, the values of sludge volume index (SVI) of the underflow sludge was lower than those of the inlet sludge. However, the SVI of the overflow sludge increased when F was less than 30%, and decreased when F was greater than or equal to 30%. The carbon source release of sludge varied with different values of split ratio, the carbon source release of the underflow sludge reached the maximum when F was equal to 30%. With this split ratio, the denitrification rate of the underflow sludge was higher than that of the inlet and overflow sludge. The denitrification rate of the carbon source released by the underflow sludge was 0.81 mg/(g·h), which was equivalent to that of the analytical grade sodium acetate (0.82 mg/(g·h)), higher than that of the industrial grade sodium acetate (0.64 mg/(g·h)) and the microbial compound carbon source (0.66 mg/(g·h)) which are commonly used in WWTP. The SCOD and protein discharged from the sludge treated by hydrocyclone can supplement the carbon source for denitrification, reduce the addition of external carbon source, and provide technical references for the upgrading of WWTP.

Generally, biomass with high nitrogen resource endowments needs to control NO_x emissions in the process of energy utilization. Decoupled combustion falls within low-NO_x combustion technologies, which is suitable for high-water, high-nitrogen fuels and has better effects on suppressing NO_x formation compared to other combustion technologies. In order to make clear the potential of pyrolysis volatile for in-situ nitrogen control in decoupled combustion and to develop the dual fluidized bed decoupled combustion technology, with furfural residue as the material, a fixed-bed reactor and a dual fluidized bed combustion apparatus were respectively employed for studying its pyrolysis characteristics and simulating its decoupled combustion in the dual fluidized bed at approximately actual working conditions in this paper. Concretely, the product distribution of furfural residue pyrolysis at different temperatures was first investigated in the fixed-bed reactor, and then the effects of the on-line pyrolysis products on in-situ control of NO_x emission from synchronous combustion of the resulting pyrolysis char of the raw material in the dual fluidized bed combustion apparatus were revealed. The results showed that: in the pyrolysis temperature range of 500—700℃, with the increase of temperature, the semi-coke yield gradually decreased, from 45.2% to 39.8%; the gas yield showed an obvious upward trend, rising from 12.4% to 22.5%, the yield of reducing components such as CO, CH₄, and H₂ increased significantly; the yield of tar decreased slightly, from 15.9% to 12.9%; the yield of water did not change much. During the decoupling combustion experiments using the double fluidized bed, it was found that the volatiles produced by pyrolysis from furfural residue exhibited a good effect on in-situ nitrogen control for the combustion flue gas from its resulting pyrolysis char. The NO_x control effect of the pyrolysis volatiles for the char combustion flue gas depended heavily on the pyrolysis temperature and the proportion of secondary air. When the total excess air factor ER was 1.3, the pyrolysis temperature 600℃ and the secondary excess air factor ER₂=0.5, the effect of the volatiles from furfural residue pyrolysis on the in-situ nitrogen control for the flue gas from combustion (at 900℃ with the first excess air factor ER₁=0.8) of the char produced by pyrolysis at the same conditions reached the best, and the NO_x emission reduction ratio was high as 54.80%. These indicated that the yields and oxidation degrees of pyrolysis volatile products can be regulated to bring their potential for NO_x reduction into full play, thus visibly improving the in-situ nitrogen control effect for decoupled combustion.

Taking the phosphorus-rich sludge hydrothermal charcoal as the research object, the SMT method is used to analyze the phosphorus form distribution, and hydrochloric acid and citric acid are used as extractants to explore the potential of wet chemical recovery of phosphorus. The experimental results show that after hydrothermal carbonization of sludge, the total phosphorus content increased, the organic phosphorus is transformed into inorganic phosphorus, and the non-apatite inorganic phosphorus is transformed into apatite inorganic phosphorus. The forms of phosphorus in hydrochar are mainly inorganic and non-apatite inorganic phosphorus. Acid concentration, liquid-solid ratio and acid leaching time have significant effects on phosphorus leaching from hydrochar. Under the suitable acid leaching conditions (hydrochloric acid concentration 0.3 mol/L, liquid-solid ratio 50 ml/g, acid leaching time 240 min; citric acid concentration 0.1 mol/L, liquid-solid ratio 50 ml/g, acid leaching time 600 min), the phosphorus leaching efficiency of hydrochloric acid and citric acid can reach 94.34% and 88.78%, respectively. The pseudo-second order kinetic model can fit the leaching process of phosphorus in the two acid leaching systems well. Meanwhile, the leaching capacity of metal elements increased gradually with the increase of acid leaching time, and there is a linear correlation with the leaching capacity of phosphorus. The order of leaching capacity from large to small metals is Fe > Ca > Al >Mg. In addition, some heavy metal elements are also leached, and the order of leaching ability is Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb. After acid leaching, hydrochar has more pore structure, which is expected to be a good adsorption material.

Industrial energy conservation is the primary measure for carbon emission reduction. The heat of reaction released during the production of furnace-process phosphoric acid is as high as 26289 MJ per ton of yellow phosphorus, which accounts for 25% of the total energy consumption of yellow phosphorus. In this paper, based on the available energy analysis, the different heat recovery methods of the thermal phosphoric acid production process are studied by employing Aspen Plus software. The results show that, based on the heat recovery process in the production of existing furnace-process phosphoric acid, the steam pressure of phosphoric acid tower is increased from 1.0 MPa to 2.5 MPa, the heat recovery efficiency raised from 46.29% to 62.42%, and the available energy of the system is boosted from 26.22% to 34.95%. Further, when the pressurized water before entering phosphoric acid tower is heated by circulating acid from the hydration tower, the heat recovery efficiency and the available energy of the system is enhanced to 87.08% and 46.59%, respectively. As a result, the heat energy generated from the production of furnace-process phosphoric acid can be completely recycled. The sensitivity analysis of the excess air coefficient shows that under the premise of ensuring the full oxidation reaction of yellow phosphorus, appropriately reducing the excess air coefficient is beneficial to the improvement of heat recovery efficiency and exergy efficiency.

The waste water discharged from wet desulfurization is one of the most difficult terminal waste water in the waste water of coal-fired units. Thermal curing is the inevitable way to achieve zero discharge of desulfurization wastewater. By constructing a virtual simulation model of the whole coal-fired unit plant-scale thermal system, the advantages and disadvantages of the three mainstream different FGD process routes are compared and analyzed from the perspectives of energy flow, material flow, water balance, and their mutual influence mechanisms. On this basis, a new desulfurization process with heat pump and multi-effects distill is proposed, which requires the smallest amount of high-temperature flue gas, only 1/5 of the bypass direct injection type, and 1/3 of the current mainstream concentration and drying scheme. The new process significantly reduces the consumption of high-temperature flue gas while recovering water and increasing the host's safety. The related research can provide new solution ideas for eliminating desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired units and deep water-saving and provide quantitative analysis and optimization methods.

Antibiotics are widely used in worldwide, and different antibiotics have been detected in many kinds of wastewater. In this study, take sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and oxytetracycline (OTC) as representatives to investigate their short-term (6 h) and long-term effects (22 d) on the Anammox process. The results showed that in the experimental concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L), the short-term inhibition threshold of OTC is 10 μg/L, and the long-term threshold is 1000 μg/L, which decreased the Anammox rate from 14.6 to 12.0 and 11.1 mg/(h·g SS), respectively. SMX in 1—1000 μg/L has no significant effect on Anammox biofilm. The Anammox biofilm responds more quickly to SMX than to OTC. It can secrete a large amount of extracellular polymer to resist SMX, and at the same time can induce denitrifying bacteria to degrade SMX. OTC increased the microbial diversity of Anammox biofilms, while SMX increased the abundance of dominant microorganisms and improved the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria to 14.9% from 0.01%. Therefore, Anammox can treat wastewater containing trace amounts of SMX, and long-term domestication is required when treating wastewater containing OTC.

Heavy bio-oil (HB) is rich in phenols, esters and alcohols, but it faces great challenges in refining to obtain high commodity chemicals and high calorific value fuels due to its complex composition, high viscosity, low calorific value, and poor thermostability. The current catalysts for bio-oil upgrading are expensive and prone to deactivation, thereby requiring types of cheap and reasonable catalysts to valorize heavy bio-oils. Metal oxides (MOs), as mature and cheap catalysts, promotes the generation of more stable products in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, but the comparative performances on catalytic pyrolysis characteristics of heavy bio-oils by MOs are hardly investigated before. Therefore, this paper selected four metal oxides (Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, CaO and TiO₂) and investigated catalytic effects of four different MOs on pyrolytic characteristics, bio-oil composition, and pyrolysates emissions and distributions, so as to provide a reference for catalysts selection.The above four MOs with 5%(mass) blend ratio were in-situ pyrolyzed with HBs. The catalytic pyrolysis behaviors of HBs were characterized by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and the pyrogenic product distribution was carried out by a TGA coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Additionally, the multi-scale challenges for HB re-utilization were outlooked by a fixed bed reactor for the sake of estimating the bio-oil composition. The distribution characteristics of the pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC/MS. The temperature range in the experiment was set at 20—1000℃ and the heating rate was set at 20℃/min.The results showed that Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ have better catalytic effects at low temperature, but there was a general inhibitory effect above 200℃. Al₂O₃ was the most aggressive in both promoting and inhibiting effects. The four catalytic pyrolysis processes above promoted the deoxidation of heavy bio-oil and CaO performed best. Al₂O₃ showed good activity for reducing the reaction temperature and making the main reactions available below 400℃. Thus they effectively reduced the energy consumption of the refining process. Fe₂O₃ greatly promoted the depolymerization of heavy bio-oil, and the weight of coke decreased by 21.23%. TiO₂ had the most obvious inhibition effect on the formation of CO₂, and can reduce the final temperature of the reaction. At low temperature, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ can promote the formation of products, but they had different emphasis on different kinds of substances. CaO increased the temperature needed for the reaction and had a strong selectivity for the enrichment of guaiacol. The catalytic effect of CaO and TiO₂ were better at medium temperature. In addition, the catalytic pyrolysis above effectively promoted the enrichment of phenols, especially Al₂O₃ increased the relative content of phenols by 31.10%.Therefore, Al₂O₃ could be used in the low temperature pyrolysis of heavy oil to obtain a strong promotion effect, while CaO or TiO₂ is more suitable at medium temperature. CaO has the best catalytic effect when the goal is to enrich guaiacol or deoxygenate heavy oil. In terms of utilization efficiency, Fe₂O₃ or TiO₂ could be used to obtain a high mass conversion rate. All three metal oxides except Fe₂O₃ reduce the order of biochar. The biochar prepared by adding CaO has the most disordered carbon structure and the highest solid phase yield.

The treatment of ammonia nitrogen wastewater by struvite (MAP) crystallization method has the characteristics of good removal effect and fast reaction speed. However, the slow growth processes and small grain sizes of MAP limit the recovery rate of MAP by-products and reduce their economic value. The effects of different factors (temperature, stirring rate, pH, ion molar ratio) on the growth rate of MAP crystals were studied by using the chemical potential gradient model based on the adhesive-type growth mechanism and the Debye-Hückel limiting law to calculate the activity coefficient. The results showed that the increase of temperature, stirring speed and molar ratio led to the enhancement of growth rate constant k_t, which led to the increase of struvite growth rate. The higher pH enhanced the rate constant k_t and thermodynamic driving force ?\mu at the beginning of the reaction. At the later stage of the reaction, the growth rate constant k_t was mainly affected. Finally, the growth rate of MAP increased during the whole reaction process. The average growth rate of MAP crystals were calculated, and it was found that the growth rates were between 10^-9 and 10^-8 m/s. When pH=9.5, the growth rate increased to 1.02×10^-8 m/s, as the ionic molar ratio [Mg²⁺]∶[\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{3}-}]∶[NH₄⁺] =1∶1∶1 increased to 1.2∶1.2∶1, the highest growth rate of MAP reached 1.29×10^-8 m/s. In conclusion, with the increase of temperature, stirring speed, pH and ion-molar ratio, the growth rates of MAP crystals increased to varying degrees. Among them, the influence of ion-molar ratio was the largest, followed by pH, and the influence of temperature and stirring speed was small. Therefore, changes in pH and ion molar ratio are expected to regulate the crystallization process of MAP in practical industry.

Icing on the surface of outdoor equipment brings a lot of inconvenience to human life and production. It is of great significance to study a new generation of anti-icing/deicing materials with anti-icing and deicing properties for the stability and durability of outdoor equipment. In this paper, the photothermal superhydrophobic material with a regular array structure was prepared by mixing dititanium trioxide (Ti₂O₃) powder with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solvent by template method, and its anti-icing and photothermal deicing performance was studied. Due to the excellent photothermal response of Ti₂O₃ material, the surface average temperature of the prepared material can reach 60℃ under the light illumination condition of 100 mW/cm², and the ice droplets on the surface can melt within 200 s. The results demonstrated that the materials have excellent photothermal conversion and photothermal deicing performance. Besides, PDMS material is inherently hydrophobic after curing, and the regular array micro-structure gives the material excellent superhydrophobic performance, with a contact angle of 153° and a rolling angle less than 5°. The icing delay time in the absence of light illumination is up to 1300 s, which is three times that of ordinary superhydrophobic materials. What's more, the droplets did not icing during the 6 h icing test due to its excellent photothermal properties, which indicates that the material has excellent photothermal anti-icing performance. The results of this study prove the possibility of using the abundant solar energy in nature to deicing and provide a new method for surface deicing technology of outdoor equipment.

The FeS₂@carbon fibers (FeS₂@CFs) thin film electrodes were obtained using a simple electrospinning combined with etching and sulfidation strategy. The synergistic effect between each unique yolk-shell structural unit and the all-around three-dimensional carbon fiber conductive network endowed the electrode materials with excellent lithium storage performance. When used as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the capacity can be maintained at 415.4 mAh·g^-1 at a high current density of 5 A·g^-1, and the reversible capacity is still retained at 977.9 mAh·g^-1 even after 400 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A·g^-1. More importantly, the precursor material has a wide range of scalability, which can provide a design idea for the preparation of flexible thin film electrode materials.

Based on the simplified single-step reaction mechanism, this paper uses the thickened flame model to carry out the large eddy simulation of the methane-air explosion in the pipeline, and analyzes the influence of the two flame detection functions proposed by Légier (TF1) and Durand (TF2) on the simulation results. The results show that LES can accurately predict the tulip shaped flame and the corresponding characterize time during the flame propagation process. Although the flame speed and pressure predicted by the two flame sensors are basically consistent with the experimental results, the predicted value of TF2 is more accurate. The efficiency function is not affected by the flame sensor. In general, the flame thickening is more pronounced with TF1.

In order to fully recover the flare gas in large-scale petrochemical complexes, as well as meet environmental protection requirements and improve economic benefits, the usual practice is to set the pressure setting of the flare gas venting pipeline regulating valve to a higher value (relative to the design pressure of the liquid separation tank), so that the flare gas is temporarily accumulate in the liquid separation tank, and then enter the flare gas recovery system. However, under abnormal emergency conditions such as power failure or fire, the multiple pressure devices are relieved at the same time. The surplus flare gas will cause the flare gas flow to increase transiently, which may cause the Mach number of flare head to be extremely high and the risk of "out of fire". For this reason, a method to determine the best set value of flare gas vent pipeline pressure adjustment is proposed: within the technological allowable range of the set value of flare gas pressure regulating valve, select the value that makes the flare head Mach number meet the safety requirements. Through the flare gas recovery volume and recovery stability to comprehensively measure the economic benefits of flare gas recovery, and finally calculate the best adjustment setpoint. The case shows that by calculating the Mach number of the flare head and analyzing the economic benefits of flare gas recovery, the pressure setting determined by the proposed method can meet the safety requirements of Mach number and maximize the economic benefits of flare gas recovery.

From the perspective of controlling the thermal and chemical properties of the combustion chamber wall, this paper uses atmospheric plasma spraying technology to prepare two ceramic coating walls, ZrO₂ and ZrO₂+Al₂O₃, and studies coating material effects on the flame characteristic of methane/air mixtures in a narrow channel based on the planar laser induced fluorescence technique. Coating characterization shows that thermal spraying treatment can realize partial Al-Zr solid solution, and increases the oxygen content distributed on the surfaces. Mixing Al₂O₃ also renders a larger thermal conductivity of the coating wall and then enhances streamwise heat conduction. Finally, slot combustion tests confirm that using ZrO₂+Al₂O₃ coating wall can effectively reduce the quenching distance and show a better flame stability under various wall temperatures and equivalence ratios rather than pure ZrO₂ case. In particular, as the wall temperature increases and channel spacing decreases, the OH radical concentration in the close vicinity of ZrO₂+Al₂O₃ coating wall and in flame core areas are both elevated significantly.