再生反应器液面高度对热再生电池性能的影响

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20201665

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热再生过程是热再生电池（thermally regenerative battery，TRB）系统的重要部分，本文研究了TRB的热再生过程对产电过程的影响，并通过降低热再生液面高度来强化换热过程和提升热再生性能。结果表明，采用再生电解液的TRB最大功率密度仅有12 W/m²，相比于初始电解液的TRB（最大功率密度为29.6 W/m²）降低了59%；降低加热液面高度可减小再生液平均热阻和受热温差，有效地强化了热再生性能；当热再生液面高度降低至1 cm后，热再生后TRB性能显著提升（27.0 W/m²），与原性能相比仅下降8.7%。后续有望通过构建薄液膜热再生反应器来进一步强化热再生过程及提升电池热再生性能。

关键词: 热再生电池, 再生反应器, 电化学, 再生, 传热

Abstract:

Thermal regeneration process is an important part of the thermal regenerative ammonia-based battery (TRB) system. In this study, the effect of the thermal regeneration process of TRB on the power generation is studied, and the thermal regeneration performance is enhanced by reducing the liquid height in thermal regeneration process. The results show that the maximum power density of TRB with regenerated electrolyte is only 12 W/m², which is 59% lower than that of TRB with initial electrolyte (29.6 W/m²); the average thermal resistance and temperature difference of regeneration electrolyte can be reduced by decreasing the height of liquid, and the thermal regeneration performance can be effectively enhanced; when the liquid height is reduced to 1 cm, the maximum power density of TRB is significantly improved (27.0 W/m²), only 8.7% lower than that of the original TRB. In the future, it is expected to further strengthen the thermal regeneration process and improve the thermal regeneration performance of the battery by constructing a thin liquid film thermal regeneration reactor.

Key words: thermal regenerative battery, regeneration reactor, electrochemistry, regeneration, heat transfer

中图分类号:

X 703.1

石雨, 蒋强, 张亮, 李俊, 付乾, 朱恂, 廖强. 再生反应器液面高度对热再生电池性能的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2021, 72(8): 4354-4360.

Yu SHI, Qiang JIANG, Liang ZHANG, Jun LI, Qian FU, Xun ZHU, Qiang LIAO. Effect of liquid height in regeneration reactor on performance of thermal regeneration battery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2021, 72(8): 4354-4360.

图/表 5

图1 热再生过程示意图

Fig.1 Schematic of thermal regeneration process

图2 热再生过程及其对TRB产电过程的影响

Fig.2 Thermal regeneration process and its influence on power generation process of TRB

图3 液面高度对再生阴极液pH的影响

Fig.3 Effect of liquid height on pH of regenerated cathode solution

图4 强化热再生过程对产电性能的影响

Fig.4 Effect of thermal regeneration process after enhancement on the performance

图5 强化热再生过程对批次产电过程的影响

Fig.5 Effect of thermal regeneration process after enhancement on the batch power generation

参考文献 32

1	Lu H Y, Price L, Zhang Q. Capturing the invisible resource: analysis of waste heat potential in Chinese industry[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 161: 497-511.
2	Chu S, Majumdar A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future[J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7411): 294-303.
3	Yang Y, Lee S W, Ghasemi H, et al. Charging-free electrochemical system for harvesting low-grade thermal energy[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(48): 17011-17016.
4	Rahimi M, Straub A P, Zhang F, et al. Emerging electrochemical and membrane-based systems to convert low-grade heat to electricity[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11(2): 276-285.
5	Bell L E. Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems[J]. Science, 2008, 321(5895): 1457-1461.
6	Xu W C, Zhang J Y, Zhao L, et al. Novel experimental research on the compression process in organic Rankine cycle (ORC)[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 137: 1-11.
7	Sánchez D, Muñoz de Escalona J M, Monje B, et al. Preliminary analysis of compound systems based on high temperature fuel cell, gas turbine and organic Rankine cycle[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196(9): 4355-4363.
8	Luo Y, Andresen J, Clarke H, et al. A decision support system for waste heat recovery and energy efficiency improvement in data centres[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 250: 1217-1224.
9	Zhang F, Liu J, Yang W L, et al. A thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for efficient harvesting of low-grade thermal energy as electrical power[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(1): 343-349.
10	Wang W G, Shu G Q, Tian H, et al. A numerical model for a thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery using for low grade waste heat recovery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 388: 32-44.
11	Rahimi M, Schoener Z, Zhu X P, et al. Removal of copper from water using a thermally regenerative electrodeposition battery[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 322: 551-556.
12	Rahimi M, Zhu L, Kowalski K L, et al. Improved electrical power production of thermally regenerative batteries using a poly(phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membrane[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 342: 956-963.
13	Zhang F, LaBarge N, Yang W L, et al. Enhancing low-grade thermal energy recovery in a thermally regenerative ammonia battery using elevated temperatures[J]. ChemSusChem, 2015, 8(6): 1043-1048.
14	Zhu X P, Rahimi M, Gorski C A, et al. A thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery for electrical energy recovery from waste heat[J]. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9(8): 873-879.
15	Palakkal V M, Nguyen T, Nguyen P, et al. High power thermally regenerative ammonia-copper redox flow battery enabled by a zero gap cell design, low-resistant membranes, and electrode coatings[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 3(5): 4787-4798.
16	Rahimi M, Kim T, Gorski C A, et al. A thermally regenerative ammonia battery with carbon-silver electrodes for converting low-grade waste heat to electricity[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 373: 95-102.
17	Wang W G, Tian H, Shu G Q, et al. A bimetallic thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for high power density and efficiently harvesting low-grade thermal energy[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(11): 5991-6000.
18	Wang W G, Shu G Q, Tian H, et al. A bimetallic thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 424: 184-192.
19	Wang W G, Shu G Q, Zhu X P, et al. Decoupled electrolytes towards enhanced energy and high temperature performance of thermally regenerative ammonia batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2020, 8(25): 12351-12360.
20	Zhang L, Li Y X, Zhu X, et al. Copper foam electrodes for increased power generation in thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(17): 7408-7415.
21	李彦翔, 张亮, 朱恂, 等. 传质对热可再生氨电池性能的影响[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2019, 40(3): 668-671.
	Li Y X, Zhang L, Zhu X, et al. Effect of mass transfer on the performance of membrane electrode assembly typed thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2019, 40(3): 668-671.
22	Zhang Y S, Zhang L, Li J, et al. Performance of a thermally regenerative ammonia-based flow battery with 3D porous electrodes: effect of reactor and electrode design[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 331: 135442.
23	Shi Y, Zhang L, Li J, et al. Cu/Ni composite electrodes for increased anodic coulombic efficiency and electrode operation time in a thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for converting low-grade waste heat into electricity[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 159: 162-171.
24	Shi Y, Zhang L, Li J, et al. 3-D printed gradient porous composite electrodes improve anodic current distribution and performance in thermally regenerative flow battery for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 473: 228525.
25	Vicari F, D'Angelo A, Kouko Y, et al. On the regeneration of thermally regenerative ammonia batteries[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2018, 48(12): 1381-1388.
26	石雨, 张亮, 李俊, 等. 热再生电池氨再生过程强化[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71: 253-258.
	Shi Y, Zhang L, Li J, et al. Enhanced ammonia regeneration of thermal regenerated batteries[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71: 253-258.
27	El-Bourawi M S, Khayet M, Ma R, et al. Application of vacuum membrane distillation for ammonia removal[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 301(1/2): 200-209.
28	Chang Y H, Ferng Y M. Experimental investigation on bubble dynamics and boiling heat transfer for saturated pool boiling and comparison data with previous works[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 154: 284-293.
29	Wang Q Y, Chen R K. Ultrahigh flux thin film boiling heat transfer through nanoporous membranes[J]. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(5): 3096-3103.
30	Shi Y, Zhang L, Li J, et al. Effect of operating parameters on the performance of thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery for low-temperature waste heat recovery[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, (in press).
31	唐志强, 张亮, 朱恂, 等. 不同Cu²⁺浓度下热再生氨电池产电及Cu²⁺去除特性[J]. 化工学报, 2019, 70(12): 4804-4810.
	Tang Z Q, Zhang L, Zhu X, et al. Effect of Cu²⁺ concentration in cathode on power generation and copper removal of thermally regenerative ammonia-based battery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2019, 70(12): 4804-4810.
32	Rahimi M, D'Angelo A, Gorski C A, et al. Electrical power production from low-grade waste heat using a thermally regenerative ethylenediamine battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 351: 45-50.

[1]	晁京伟, 许嘉兴, 李廷贤. 基于无管束蒸发换热强化策略的吸附热池的供热性能研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 302-310.
[2]	程成, 段钟弟, 孙浩然, 胡海涛, 薛鸿祥. 表面微结构对析晶沉积特性影响的格子Boltzmann模拟[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 74-86.
[3]	张双星, 刘舫辰, 张义飞, 杜文静. R-134a脉动热管相变蓄放热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 165-171.
[4]	张义飞, 刘舫辰, 张双星, 杜文静. 超临界二氧化碳用印刷电路板式换热器性能分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 183-190.
[5]	陈爱强, 代艳奇, 刘悦, 刘斌, 吴翰铭. 基板温度对HFE7100液滴蒸发过程的影响研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 191-197.
[6]	刘明栖, 吴延鹏. 导光管直径和长度对传热影响的模拟分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 206-212.
[7]	王志国, 薛孟, 董芋双, 张田震, 秦晓凯, 韩强. 基于裂隙粗糙性表征方法的地热岩体热流耦合数值模拟与分析[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(S1): 223-234.
[8]	车睿敏, 郑文秋, 王小宇, 李鑫, 许凤. 基于离子液体的纤维素均相加工研究进展[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3615-3627.
[9]	李艺彤, 郭航, 陈浩, 叶芳. 催化剂非均匀分布的质子交换膜燃料电池操作条件研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3831-3840.
[10]	王玉兵, 李杰, 詹宏波, 朱光亚, 张大林. R134a在菱形离散肋微小通道内的流动沸腾换热实验研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3797-3806.
[11]	程业品, 胡达清, 徐奕莎, 刘华彦, 卢晗锋, 崔国凯. 离子液体基低共熔溶剂在转化CO₂中的应用[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3640-3653.
[12]	齐聪, 丁子, 余杰, 汤茂清, 梁林. 基于选择吸收纳米薄膜的太阳能温差发电特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3921-3930.
[13]	李科, 文键, 忻碧平. 耦合蒸气冷却屏的真空多层绝热结构对液氢储罐自增压过程的影响机制研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(9): 3786-3796.
[14]	陈天华, 刘兆轩, 韩群, 张程宾, 李文明. 喷雾冷却换热强化研究进展及影响因素[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3149-3170.
[15]	胡亚丽, 胡军勇, 马素霞, 孙禹坤, 谭学诣, 黄佳欣, 杨奉源. 逆电渗析热机新型工质开发及电化学特性研究[J]. 化工学报, 2023, 74(8): 3513-3521.