聚酰亚胺基气凝胶材料的制备与应用

doi:10.11949/0438-1157.20220353

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气凝胶是一类以空气为分散介质的干态凝胶材料，具有由纳米粒子随机聚集并相互连接而成的复杂三维网络结构，也因此集低密度、高比表面积、高孔隙率、低热导率等优异性能于一身，在众多尖端及民生领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。作为一种高性能材料，聚酰亚胺(polyimide, PI)已被广泛用于航空航天、防火织物等诸多领域，由其制成的PI气凝胶具有较高的机械强度，对传统脆弱易碎的无机气凝胶显示出明显的替代趋势，也因此得到了研究人员的广泛关注。本文主要介绍了PI基气凝胶材料的研究进展，从PI气凝胶的制备方法、改性方法及应用等角度进行综述，并对其未来的发展进行展望，以期为后续研究提供借鉴与参考。

关键词: 聚酰亚胺气凝胶, 复合材料, 制备, 改性, 优化, 应用

Abstract:

Aerogel is a kind of dry gel material with air as the dispersion medium. It has a complex three-dimensional network structure formed by random aggregation and interconnection of nanoparticles. Therefore, it shows excellent performances such as low density, high specific surface area, high porosity and low thermal conductivity at the same time and exhibits promising application prospects in many sophisticated and civil fields. As a high-performance material, polyimide (PI) has been widely used in aerospace, fireproof fabrics and many other fields. More importantly, PI aerogel has higher mechanical strength compared with traditional fragile inorganic aerogel, showing a noticeable trend to replace them, and therefore, it has received extensive attention from researchers. In this review, the research progress of PI-based aerogel materials is mainly summarized from the perspectives of preparation method, modification method, and applications of PI aerogel. Finally, the future development direction is prospected based on the current challenges in this field to provide a reference for subsequent research and practical application in industry and our daily lives.

Key words: polyimide aerogels, composites, preparation, modification, optimization, application

中图分类号:

O 633

高端辉, 肖卫强, 高峰, 夏倩, 汪曼秋, 卢昕博, 詹晓力, 张庆华. 聚酰亚胺基气凝胶材料的制备与应用[J]. 化工学报, 2022, 73(7): 2757-2773.

Duanhui GAO, Weiqiang XIAO, Feng GAO, Qian XIA, Manqiu WANG, Xinbo LU, Xiaoli ZHAN, Qinghua ZHANG. Preparation and application of polyimide-based aerogels[J]. CIESC Journal, 2022, 73(7): 2757-2773.

图/表 10

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单体		基本性质				热性能	力学性能	文献
二胺	二酐	密度/ (g/cm³)	比表面积/ (m²/g)	孔隙率/%	体积收缩率/%	热性能	力学性能	文献
ODA+1,3-丙二胺 (摩尔比1∶2)	BPDA	0.0553	317	—	23.8	λ: 0.033 W/(m·K)	压缩模量3.273	[31]
ODA+BAPOPP	BPDA	0.124~0.172	29~446	—	8.0~15.0	λ: 0.033~0.049 W/(m·K)；T_d5%:约550.0℃	杨氏模量28.000~34.000 MPa	[33]
ODA+6FAPB (摩尔比1∶1)	BPDA	0.175	402	88.9	18.6	T_d:590.0℃	杨氏模量16.200 MPa	[36]
ODA+TFMB (摩尔比1∶1)	BPDA	0.116	388	92.4	8.3	T_d5%:570.8℃	杨氏模量18.350 MPa	[37]
DMBZ+BAP10 (摩尔比3∶1)	BPDA	0.204	328	85.2	25.0	T_d:507.0℃	压缩模量46.500 MPa；拉伸模量50.500 MPa	[39]

单体		基本性质				热性能	力学性能	文献
二胺	二酐	密度/ (g/cm³)	比表面积/ (m²/g)	孔隙率/%	体积收缩率/%	热性能	力学性能	文献
ODA+1,3-丙二胺 (摩尔比1∶2)	BPDA	0.0553	317	—	23.8	λ: 0.033 W/(m·K)	压缩模量3.273	[31]
ODA+BAPOPP	BPDA	0.124~0.172	29~446	—	8.0~15.0	λ: 0.033~0.049 W/(m·K)；T_d5%:约550.0℃	杨氏模量28.000~34.000 MPa	[33]
ODA+6FAPB (摩尔比1∶1)	BPDA	0.175	402	88.9	18.6	T_d:590.0℃	杨氏模量16.200 MPa	[36]
ODA+TFMB (摩尔比1∶1)	BPDA	0.116	388	92.4	8.3	T_d5%:570.8℃	杨氏模量18.350 MPa	[37]
DMBZ+BAP10 (摩尔比3∶1)	BPDA	0.204	328	85.2	25.0	T_d:507.0℃	压缩模量46.500 MPa；拉伸模量50.500 MPa	[39]

单体	交联剂	基本性质			热性能	力学性能	文献
单体	交联剂	密度/(g/cm³)	孔隙率/%	体积收缩率/%	热性能	力学性能	文献
ODA+BPDA	PAPSQ	0.120	90.0	1.0	λ: 0.0300 W/(m·K) T_d: 560.0℃	杨氏模量43.18 MPa	[54]
(ODA+DMBZ)+BPDA	PMA	0.120~0.170	>88.0	—	—	杨氏模量2.00~60.00 MPa	[55]
DMBZ+BPDA	NH₂-HBPSi(5%，质量分数)	0.121	90.1	11.7	λ: 0.0326 W/(m·K)	杨氏模量25.30 MPa	[58]
ODA+BPDA	PVPMS	0.360	—	17.3	λ: 0.0400 W/(m·K)	弹性模量12.33 MPa	[60]
ODA+BPDA	BTMSPA+硅溶胶(3 ml)	0.120	—	17.1	λ: 0.0330 W/(m·K) T_d: 537.0℃	杨氏模量9.20 MPa	[62]
DMBZ+BPDA	mCNTs(1.0%，质量分数)	0.181	87.1	40.0	T_d5%: 503.0℃	比模量715.50 J/g	[65]
ODA+PMDA	石墨烯(5%，质量分数)+ 蒙脱土(10%，质量分数)	0.090	—	21.1	T_d5%: 512.0℃	模量14.00 MPa	[70]

单体	交联剂	基本性质			热性能	力学性能	文献
单体	交联剂	密度/(g/cm³)	孔隙率/%	体积收缩率/%	热性能	力学性能	文献
ODA+BPDA	PAPSQ	0.120	90.0	1.0	λ: 0.0300 W/(m·K) T_d: 560.0℃	杨氏模量43.18 MPa	[54]
(ODA+DMBZ)+BPDA	PMA	0.120~0.170	>88.0	—	—	杨氏模量2.00~60.00 MPa	[55]
DMBZ+BPDA	NH₂-HBPSi(5%，质量分数)	0.121	90.1	11.7	λ: 0.0326 W/(m·K)	杨氏模量25.30 MPa	[58]
ODA+BPDA	PVPMS	0.360	—	17.3	λ: 0.0400 W/(m·K)	弹性模量12.33 MPa	[60]
ODA+BPDA	BTMSPA+硅溶胶(3 ml)	0.120	—	17.1	λ: 0.0330 W/(m·K) T_d: 537.0℃	杨氏模量9.20 MPa	[62]
DMBZ+BPDA	mCNTs(1.0%，质量分数)	0.181	87.1	40.0	T_d5%: 503.0℃	比模量715.50 J/g	[65]
ODA+PMDA	石墨烯(5%，质量分数)+ 蒙脱土(10%，质量分数)	0.090	—	21.1	T_d5%: 512.0℃	模量14.00 MPa	[70]

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