The cyanidation tailing is a staple hazardous solid waste. It contains valuable elements, such as copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, sulfur, iron, etc.. Comprehensive utilization of cyanidation tailing not only recovers these valuable elements to achieve the maximum use of mineral resources, but also reduces its damage to the environment. In this paper, the characterization of cyanidation tailing was introduced. As the cyanidation tailing came from the gold extraction by cyanidation, the particle was very fine, and the residual cyanide in the tailing pulp was as much as 400 mg·L^-1. Thus, appropriate pretreatment should be carried out, which can be classified as physical, chemical and special technical methods. The research status and existing problem of recovering copper-lead-zinc, sulfur-iron and gold-silver from cyanidation tailing were then presented in detail. Based on the existing problem of treating cyanidation tailing, the future research topics on the development of new flotation technological flowsheet, synthesis of new reagents and the reuse of ultimate tailing were proposed. The comprehensive utilization of cyanidation tailing would bring about economic and environmental benefits eventually.

The viscosity and electrical conductivity of Betaine·HCl-6EG-nNiCl₂·6H₂O deep eutectic ionic liquids, formed by adding nickel(Ⅱ) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O) into a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of Betaine hydrochloride (Betaine·HCl) and Ethylene glycol (EG) in 1:6 molar ratio, were reported at 303—353 K and 303—348 K with an interval of 5 K under atmospheric pressure. The viscosity and electrical conductivity associated with temperature and NiCl₂·6H₂O concentration were investigated, respectively. The results revealed that within the selected temperature and NiCl₂·6H₂O concentration ranges, Betaine·HCl-6EG-nNiCl₂·6H₂O deep eutectic ionic liquids showed low viscosities and good electrical conductivities. With increasing temperature, the viscosities decreased and electrical conductivities increased. The effect of temperature was more significant on viscosity than on electrical conductivity. The dependence of temperature of viscosity and electrical conductivity was found to be greatly described by Arrhenius empirical expressions. According to these expressions, the activation energies for viscous flow and conduction were calculated. With increasing NiCl₂·6H₂O concentration, the values of the activation energies for viscous flow and conduction increased. Because of the adding NiCl₂·6H₂O, the formations of the larger size complex ions reduced the concentrations of the effective conductive ions and increased the ionic radius, resulting in increasing viscosity and decreasing electrical conductivity.

Acetic ether was used as solvent for extraction of resorcinol under the environment of acid brine. Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of acetic ether-resorcinol-acid brine quasi ternary system were determined at atmospheric pressure (101.33 kPa) and 313 K with the equilibrium method. The experimental data showed that the mutual solubility of acetic ether and water was increased with increasing resorcinol which reduced the extraction effect of the acetic ether on resorcinol, while the solubility of acetic ether in water was reduced in the existence of ammonium sulphate which was good for the extraction process. The experimental data were correlated with NRTL model and parameters were obtained. The calculation results agreed well with the experimental data, indicating that the models used were suitable for the system. The model also provided data for the design of extraction process of m-phenylenediamine hydrolysis for joint production of resorcinol with m-aminophenol.

The thermodynamic analysis of sulfolene synthesis reaction was carried out by group-contribution method. The reaction enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant were calculated in the temperature range of 300—600 K and the pressure range of 0.1—10 MPa. The effects of temperature, pressure and reactant ratio on equilibrium conversion were also discussed. The calculation results indicate that sulfolene synthesis is a reversible exothermic reaction, and it is spontaneous when the temperature is less than 460 K at standard pressure. The reaction occurs more easily at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Temperature, pressure and the reactants ratio all show significant effect on equilibrium conversion, and the temperature is the most significant factor. Lower temperature, higher pressure and higher reactant ratio favor the promotion of equilibrium conversion, and the maximum equilibrium conversion is close to 1. The experimental results show good agreement with the thermodynamic calculation, and the relative deviation is less than 10%.

In order to solve the problems of crystallization and corrosion for LiBr/H₂O, LiBr-[BMIM]Cl/H₂O and LiBr-[BMIM]Br/H₂O were proposed as new working pairs. The influences of ionic liquids on crystallization temperatures and saturated vapor pressures of LiBr/H₂O were investigated. The saturated vapor pressures, crystallization temperatures and corrosivity of LiBr-IL/H₂O with a mass ratio of 2.5 were measured and compared with that of LiBr/H₂O. The results showed that the saturated vapor pressures of [BMIM]Cl/H₂O and [BMIM]Br/H₂O were almost the same as that of LiBr/H₂O with a 8%—9% lower concentration. In general operation concentration range, the crystallization temperatures of LiBr-[BMIM]Cl/H₂O were about 30℃ lower than that of LiBr/H₂O with the same absorption ability. Under the same corrosion conditions, the corrosion rate of carbon steel for LiBr-[BMIM]Cl/H₂O was obviously smaller than that for LiBr/H₂O, and the corrosion rate of copper for LiBr-[BMIM]Cl/H₂O was nearly the same as that for LiBr/H₂O. As an alternative working pair, LiBr-[BMIM]Cl/H₂O has a great potential for absorption heat pump systems.

The phase equilibria and phase diagram of the quaternary system (LiCl-LiBO₂-Li₂SO₄-H₂O) at 298.15 K, which was not reported in the literature, were studied with the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. Solubilities and physicochemical properties including refractive index (n_D), density (ρ), pH and conductivity (κ) in the quaternary system were determined experimentally. According to the experimental data, the dry-salt diagram, water-phase diagram and the diagram of physicochemical properties versus lithium chloride concentration in the quaternary system were plotted, respectively. The experimental results showed that there were two invariant points named as invariant co-saturated point (Li₂SO₄·H₂O + LiCl·H₂O + LiBO₂·2H₂O) and incommensurate co-saturated point (Li₂SO₄·H₂O + LiBO₂·2H₂O + LiBO₂·8H₂O), five univariant curves and four crystalline regions corresponding to Li₂SO₄·H₂O, LiCl·H₂O, LiBO₂·8H₂O and LiBO₂·2H₂O in the quaternary system at 298.15 K. Neither double salt nor solid solution was formed, and the phase diagram of this system at 298.15 K belonged to hydrate-type Ⅱ. The two kinds of hydrate lithium-containing minerals (LiBO₂·2H₂O and LiBO₂·8H₂O) were found for the first time. The salting-out effect of LiCl in the solution was obvious for the composition of Li₂SO₄. The diagram of physicochemical properties including n_D, ρ, pH and κ versus composition shows that the physicochemical properties were changed regularly with increasing lithium chloride concentration in the solution and the singular values were achieved at the invariant points of the quaternary system at 298.15 K.

According to the composition of the brine resources in the west of Sichuan Basin, phase equilibria in the quaternary system Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O at 373 K is measured by the isothermal solution saturation method, and the solubilities and densities of the solution are determined experimentally. Using the experimental results, the dry salt phase diagram, water diagram and the densities versus composition diagram are obtained. In the phase diagram of quaternary system Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O at 373 K, the double salt Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄ is found. There are three invariant points, seven uninvariant curves and five crystallization fields in the quaternary system. The five crystallization fields correspond to NaBr, Na₂SO₄, K₂SO₄, KBr and Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄(Gla), respectively. The crystallization field of NaBr has the smallest crystallization area, whereas the double salt Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄(Gla) has the biggest crystallization field in the quaternary system. It means that the double salt Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄(Gla) has the smaller solubility, and it can be easiest separated from solution. Compared with the two phase diagrams of quaternary system Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O at 323 K and 373 K, the result shows that the numbers of invariant points, crystallization fields and unvariant curves are the same. The double salt all forms in the phase diagrams of quaternary systems at two different temperatures. But univariant curve GH of the corresponding balance solid phase is different and the crystal water of sodium bromide has disappeared at 373 K. In comparison with the quaternary system Na⁺,K⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2--H₂O and the quaternary system Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O at 373 K, the two phase diagrams have very similar shapes, each of them having three invariant points, seven univariant curves and five crystallization fields. The crystallization field of the salt NaBr is apparently smaller than that of NaCl. It is also found that halide has the salting-out effect on sulfates. The water content and the density transformation rules are discussed simply. The water content is lower with the higher solution of bromine and the density is higher with the higher solution of bromine.

By combination of infrared thermal imaging technique and high-speed visualization method, the surface temperature distribution of condenser in a pulsating heat pipe (PHP) and operating state of working fluid inside the PHP are obtained and the relationship between them and heat transfer performance of the PHP is analyzed. The results indicate that the working fluid sequentially exhibits three quasi-steady operation modes with the increasing heat load viz. small pulsation in single pipe, large pulsation among different pipes and unidirectional circulation. In addition, in the condenser the dominated flow patterns are dispersed bubbles and vapor plugs, and the proportion of the dispersed bubbles decreases with increasing heat load. The difference in strength of heat and fluid flow in the PHP leads to the different characteristics of temperature distribution in the condenser, implying that the infrared thermal image of condenser is an important evidence to the evaluation of working fluid operation and heat transfer performance of the PHP.

A comprehensive numerical model coupled two correlative one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equations of spherical particle with distributed activation energy model has been developed for heat and mass transfer mechanism in lignite pyrolysis with solid heat carrier. The finite volume method and the genetic algorithm optimization toolbox based on Matlab software were employed to calculate the thermal and dynamic parameters, separately, and the reliability of the predictions was further validated by thermogravimetric data of the Hulunbuir lignite and temperature measuring experiment on a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor, respectively. It was found that the variations in mass and heat transfer during lignite pyrolysis with solid heat carrier showed a complex coupling characteristic. The time-dependent rules of temperature field in radial direction have been obtained by varying operation conditions, such as coal particle radius, the initial temperature and feed amount of solid heat carrier. Besides, the relationship between the releasing rate of pyrolytic products and temperature field revealed that the change of temperature field with heating time in lignite pyrolysis was the primary cause of different distribution of the pyrolytic products.

Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal offset elliptic tube is experimentally investigated using holographic interferometry. The effect of the ellipse major axis from horizontal to vertical direction on heat transfer is analyzed. Interferometric fringes of the tube in infinite space at different inclination angles 0°—90° are recorded. The local and average Nusselt numbers are determined according to the reconstruction of the temperature field around the tube. The experimental results indicate that the heat transfer increases with the ellipse major axis inclined from horizontal to vertical direction. The local Nusselt numbers above the tube is the minimum and the maximum is located near the major axis when the direction of the major axis are horizontal and vertical. The results obtained in this investigation show good agreement with the existing experimental and numerical studies, which can contribute to the optimal design of heat exchanger and also provide a test method for engineering applications.

The present paper studied the effects of electrostatics on gas-solids hydrodynamics and bubble characteristics of gas-solids bubbling bed with and without immersed horizontal tubes by applying the two-fluid model coupling with the electrostatic model. At first, the two-fluid model without electrostatic field was adopted to simulate the hydrodynamics in the gas-solids bubbling bed with and without immersed horizontal tubes. Further coupled with the electrostatic model, the effects of electrostatics on bubble distribution characteristics in the gas-solids bubbling bed with and without the immersed horizontal tubes were investigated. The results demonstrated that in the electrostatic field conditions, the two-fluid model can be used to predict gas-solid flow conditions, the bubble diameter, and bubble riser velocity for gas-solids bubbling bed with and without immersed horizontal tubes. However, the immersed horizontal tubes in gas-solids bubbling bed caused an intense disturbance of gas-solids, making a concussion in the distribution of the bubble diameter and bubble riser velocity. The electrostatics did not have a large effect on the average solids holdup of the bed, but showed a greater impact on the bubble characteristics. The electrostatics decreased the number of bubbles of the gas-solids bubbling bed without the immersed horizontal tubes and made more number of bubbles be concentrated in the lower region of the gas-solids bubbling bed with the immersed horizontal tubes and more number of large bubbles be located in the upper part of the gas-solids bubbling bed with the immersed horizontal tubes.

Quick closing valve (QCV) method is a common means of calibrating gas holdup in gas-liquid two-phase flow test. Unreasonable selections of spacing between valves and trapping times in QCV could bring about large error in gas holdup measurement, particularly since the gas slug and liquid slug in slug flow present flow characteristics with random variability. In this study, an optimal design was proposed for measuring gas holdup using QCV method. The cross-correlation velocity of gas-liquid two-phase slug flow was measured based on the signals between axially upstream and downstream probes. Then, the lengths of gas slug and liquid slug were extracted from the upstream probe signals under different flow conditions. Also, the gas holdup in liquid slugs was calculated by using Maxwell equation. On that basis, the gas holdup series was simulated at different spacing between valves based on the gas slug ratio in pipe. By analyzing the fluctuation of gas holdup series, the floor level of trapping times was indicated under the condition of 95% confidence coefficient and 5% permissible error at different spacing between valves. Finally, an experiment was conducted to assess the trapping times in QCV with the spacing setting at 1.55 m length. The measuring errors of gas holdup using QCV method was statistically analyzed, and it was proved that the design guideline provided a sufficient condition for setting up the spacing between valves.

The dense-phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal was investigated in an industrial-scale vertical pipe (50 mm I.D.). Air and CO₂ was used as feeding gas or carrying gas, which consequently forms four typical cases, namely Air→Air, Air→CO₂, CO₂→Air and CO₂→CO₂. Comparison was conducted between the above cases to analyze the conveying characteristics of pulverized coal experienced different courses. The results showed that the compound modes of feeding gas and carrying gas could affect the fluidized state of pulverized coal in the feeder vessel and result in the differences of stability and flow patterns of conveying process. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was employed to monitor the flow patterns, while the solid concentration signals obtained from ECT were analyzed on the basis of standard deviation (SD) function and power spectral density (PSD) function. It was concluded that the flow pattern of pulverized coal in the case of Air→Air was a stable annular flow, and the stability of the case of Air→CO₂ was the worst in which the flow pattern changed from a stable flow to slug flow. Both cases of CO₂→Air and CO₂→CO₂ performed plug flow. In comparison, in the case of CO₂→CO₂, the bigger plug and higher peak value of PSD were obtained.

Two kinds of typical modification methods, hydrochloric acid potassium manganate modification and sodium hydroxide modification are chosen. These modification methods may change the physical and chemical characteristics of kaolin by using the strong acidity and strong oxidizing of hydrochloric acid potassium manganate, and the strong basicity of sodium hydroxide. And these changes may improve the particulate matter (PM) captured efficiency of kaolin. A typical coal chose in the experiment burns with the raw and modified kaolin in an electrical heated drop-tube furnace, and the particle size distribution of particulate matter is obtained. According to the experimental results, the acid modification can significantly improve the capture efficiency of PM_0.2 (particles with the aerodynamic diameter less than 0.2 μm) by kaolin, but the alkali modification inhibit the capture of PM_0.2. According to the characterization analysis, for the acid modification kaolin, the Al—OH bond, Al—O—Si bond, Si—O bond and Si—O—Si bond of kaolin are significantly weaken, which can promote the reaction between kaolin and alkali metals, and thus the capture efficiency of PM_0.2 is promoted. For the alkali modification kaolin, the Si—O bond and Si—O—Si bond of kaolin are weaken, but the Al—OH bond and Al—O—Si bond of kaolin are strengthened. The strengthened functional groups inhibit the sectional capture processes of alkali metals by kaolin, reducing the capture efficiency of PM_0.2.

Accordingly to the properties of zeotropic mixture R32/R236fa, a novel double-temperature chilling unit is proposed which can be used in the temperature and humidity independent control air conditioning system (THICS), the unit can produce two different temperature of chilled water (such as low temperature is 7℃ and high temperature is 16℃). An experimental system is established to test the performance of the unit. The results show that at inlet water temperature of the condenser of 32℃ and inlet water temperature of the evaporator of 7℃ and 16℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system can reach 3.92 when the mass component ratio of R32 is 60%. But under mass fractions of R32 of 50%, the combination properties of the system is the best and COP is higher than 3.55 in different operation condition. The results of this study provides the experimental foundation for the application of large temperature glide zeotropic mixture used in the double-temperature chilling water unit.

The application of metal foam in the airside of heat exchanger has the potential to improve the heat transfer performance under wet conditions. In order to know the heat, mass transfer and pressure drop characteristics of wet air in metal foam, numerical models for water droplet formation, growth and movement are developed. The mass transfer rate model for droplet formation is based on the heterogeneous nucleation rate and critical nucleation radius of droplet; the mass transfer rate model for droplet growth is based on the species conservation of water vapor on phase interface between the droplet and moist air; the contact angle model of the droplet under combined effects of gravity and air forces is based on the force analysis of droplets on the ligament. The models of mass transfer rate during water droplet formation and growth processes and the model of contact angle are reflected in the continuity, momentum and energy conservation equations as the mass source term and momentum term, which realizes the simulation for the water droplet formation, growth and movement processes in metal foam. The experimental validation of the proposed model shows that, the maximum deviations of the heat transfer rate and pressure drop between the simulation results and experimental data are 11.9% and 17.7%, respectively.

In order to improve the heat transfer enhancement of serrated spiral-finned-tube, twisted-serrated spiral finned tube was fabricated by changing the deflection angle and the twisted direction of serration. Twisted-serrated spiral finned tube banks with the diameters of 38 mm and 51 mm were researched by numerical simulation combined with modeling experiments. The influence of fin pitch on heat transfer and resistance characteristics of twisted-serrated spiral finned tube was obtained. The results showed that Nu at air-side increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of fin pitch from 3.63—8.47 mm. The effects of fin pitch on Nu at air-side was weaker when the fin pitch was larger than 6.35 mm. Eu at air-side decreased with increasing fin pitch. For twisted-serrated spiral finned tube banks with the diameters of 38 mm and 51 mm, comprehensive performance index Nu·f^-1/3 was the maximum when the fin pitch is 6.35 mm. Thus, P_f =6.35 mm was the optimum fin pitch within the range of 3.63—8.47 mm.

Temperature characteristic is one of the important properties for an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), and the reversible and irreversible heat are combined with the charging and discharging for an EDLC. In this study, the numerical simulation of heat transfer, conducted with the finite element technology, and temperature measurement inside and outside EDLC were performed during galvanostatic cycling with different current densities. The heat transfer characteristics and temperature distribution were analyzed by the comparison between the simulated and measured temperatures. And then, the variation and the influencing factors of reversible heat and temperature oscillation during galvanostatic cycling were discussed. Meanwhile, the EDLCs need to be cooled during charging and discharging cycles with great current according to the measured results.

Considering the interfacial shear force, a mathematical model to the condensation of turbulent vapor flowing downward in an inclined flat tube is proposed and implemented in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The predicted results from the CFD model are compared with the experimental results from the literature for the vapor condensation in a prototype tube (2600 mm length, 3 mm width and 50 mm altitude in 60° inclination to vertical). It is found that the condensate rate and mean condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) from CFD simulation agree very well with the experimental quantities. Using CFD model to calculate the interfacial shear stress by varying vapour velocity, the results demonstrate that the value of shear force depends on the vapor velocity at the tube inlet, and shear force decreases continuously with the vapor flow and condensation. Simulating the interfacial shear effect on the condensation, it shows that the interfacial shear increases the local condensation HTC, and meanwhile, reduces the local condensate rate. The simulation results also shows that the interfacial shear weakens the gravitational effect on the film accumulation and obviously decreases film thickness from 0 to 0.8 m in the tube axial length. However, from 1.0 m to the tube outlet, the gravitational force dominates over the shear force, and thus the shear effects can be completely neglected. It is also found that the condensate film is speeded up particularly from 0 to 0.2 m in axial length thanking for the interfacial shear.

When a large number of LNG suddenly leaks and evaporates, it will form a low temperature cloud in the wind downstream, which may cause frostbite, burn and oxygen deficit hazard to the ground personnel. Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the two-phase multicomponent flow mathematical framework together with the turbulence closure are built to model the cryogenic flow. The phase-change mass transfer of water vapor in the air due to the temperature depression is considered. Because of the existence of non-liquefied gases such as oxygen, the Hertz-Knudsen equation for calculating the mass transfer rate of water vapor is modified. Detailed methods for setting the boundary conditions of the computational domain are presented and the influence of Coriolis force caused by the earth rotation is evaluated. The Burro experimental series of LNG released by LLNL are simulated and the results are used to evaluate the numerical models. It is found that the results using models with the phase change of water vapor are closer to the experimental results than that without the phase change. The studies are of directive significance for the safety environment assessment and design of LNG received terminal.

Longitudinal vortices can enhance heat transfer with small pressure loss penalty and has been widely applied in heat transfer enhancement of tube bank fin heat exchangers. Setting winglet vortex generator (VG) that can generate longitudinal vortices on the fin surface is a promising technique to enhance the airside heat transfer. In order to obtain better heat transfer performance, lots of VGs are punched out of the fin surface, so several longitudinal vortices appear in the flow channel. The interaction of vortices affects the intensity of longitudinal vortices and their effect on heat transfer enhancement. In this paper, the interaction of counter rotating longitudinal vortices generated by winglet VGs is quantitatively analyzed under different transversal distances between VGs. The effects of interaction of vortices on the intensity of vortices, flow field structure and heat transfer are discussed in detail by using the longitudinal vortex intensity parameter Se. The results show that the interaction of counter rotating longitudinal vortices increases with the decrease of transversal distance between VGs. When the distance between VGs is zero, the interaction between counter rotating vortices is the most serious, while the values of ΔSe, ΔNu and Δf get the minimum values. The maximum decreasing percentage of ΔSe, ΔNu and Δf are 45%, 50% and 38%, respectively. The interaction between counter rotating vortices does not necessarily decrease the heat transfer of longitudinal vortices. The heat transfer performance depends on not only the intensity of vortices but also their structure. The common flow region formed between counter rotating longitudinal vortices is beneficial for heat transfer enhancement. Due to the interactions of counter rotating longitudinal vortices and their effect on heat transfer enhancement, an optimum arrangement of VGs exists for better heat transfer performance. The best heat transfer performance can be obtained when the transversal distance between the VGs is twice the projected length of the base of VGs.

An experimental investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of CO₂ during gas cooling process in a horizontal tube is conducted. The experimental data is obtained over a mass flux range of 79.6-358.1 kg·m^-2·s^-1, inlet pressure range of 7.5-9.0 MPa and mean bulk temperature from 25.0 to 50.0℃. The effects of mass flux, pressure and bulk temperature on the heat transfer efficiency are investigated. The combined parameter of Gr/Re² is used to quantify the buoyancy force effect on the heat transfer. The experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient of the CO₂ increases with increasing mass flux. The peak value of the heat transfer coefficient shifts to a higher temperature region as the pressure increases. It appears that the peak value of the heat transfer coefficient occurs at bulk temperature slightly lower than the pesudo-critical temperature at low mass flux. The lower mass flux is reached, the greater influence of buoyancy force effect. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with some existing correlations. The predicted results present obvious deviation compared to the experimental results at low mass flux. A new heat transfer correlation for the tube is proposed based on the experimental data. The maximum error between the predicted results of the new correlation and the experimental data is 20%.

Various method, including analyses of power spectrum, wavelet decomposition, pseudo-phase-plane trajectories and correlation dimension, were used to analyze the non-linear dynamics characteristics of temperature oscillation signal of pulsating heat pipes (PHPs). A continuous line, self-similarity were identified under different sampling frequency, and the chaotic behavior of temperature oscillation signal was shown by power spectrum diagram. Wavelet decomposition indicated fractal characteristics of temperature oscillation. Four types of attractors were identified under different power inputs, which showed different space fractal structure. It was found that the temperature fluctuations belong to fractal chaotic behavior. All of the calculated fractal dimension showed that the system existed 3—6 fractal dimension. With the increase of embedding dimension, the fractal speed relations as R134a was greater than acetone, and acetone was higher than deionized water. For most runs, the large correlation dimensions were corresponded to better thermal performance.

The hydrophobic coatings with different properties are coated on the surfaces of micro pin fins with different cross sections of circular, diamond and elliptical to obtain hydrophobic micro pin fins with contact angles of 99.5°, 119.5° and 151.5°, respectively. The reduction coefficient of the pressure drop and the friction resistance are measured experimentally when water flows through the hydrophobic micro pin fins at different flow rates. Experimental results show that the change rate of pressure drop in ellipse and diamond micro pin fins increases gradually, however the change rate of pressure drop in circular micro pin fins increases at first and then decreases when the contact angle changes from 83° (the red copper smooth surface) to 151.5°. With the increase of the flow rate, the change rate of pressure drop in ellipse micro pin fins gradually decreases, while it decreases at first and then almost keeps constant in diamond and circular micro pin fins. The investigation also illustrates that the resistance reduction rates in all of test sections become large with the increase of the contact angle at the same Re. Under the same contact angle conditions, the resistance reduction rate gradually decreases in elliptical micro pin fins with the increase of Re, while it decreases at first and then keeps almost constant in diamond shaped and circular test sections. The minimal resistance reduction rates in diamond shaped and circular micro pin fins are 50.81% and 58.68% at contact angle of 151.5°, respectively.

Water-sparged aerocyclone (WSA) is a new type of high efficient gas-liquid mass transfer reaction equipment. The gas phase pressure drop characteristics, liquid phase reflux ratio and jet atomization process in the WSA were better simulated using the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and the multiphase flow model of volume of fluid (VOF). The mechanism of jet atomization process in the WSA was also discussed in detail. Both simulation and experiment results illustrated that the gas phase pressure drop of WSA will go through a low pressure drop zone, a pressure drop jump zone, a pressure drop transitional zone and a high pressure drop zone with the increase of gas inlet velocity. The determination method of a turning point between two adjacent pressure drop areas was given. The water jet presents steady jet, deformation and bag-like breakup, bag-like breakup and shear atomization, shear atomization and liquid drop centrifugation, respectively, in the above-mentioned pressure drop areas. The water jet in the WSA was fully atomized and the mass transfer interface between gas and liquid phases was maximized when the gas phase inlet velocity reached the turning point between the pressure drop transitional area and the high pressure drop area. The results could be used as a theoretic basis for establishing a adjusting method for jet atomization and flow field in the WSA.

Plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs) are mostly employed in medium- and small-sized LNG plants. However, works about the heat transfer characteristic optimization of mixed refrigerant in PFHE under low quality have been barely carried out nowadays. Thus, a Linde-Hampson cycle using single stage compressors and recuperative heat exchanger was established and mixed refrigerant (N₂-CH₄-C₂H₄-C₃H₈-iC₄H₁₀) was used to obtain the refrigeration temperature of -160℃. Meanwhile, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the correlational influence factor were mainly analysed. The experimental results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficient of the PFHE was about 2.6—22.7 W·m^-2·K^-1 while the refrigeration temperature and the circulated composition had week influence on the overall heat transfer coefficient. Meanwhile, the existing correlations cannot accurately predict the heat transfer coefficient of the mixed refrigerant under low quality and low flow velocity. However, the correlation of Cavallini and modified Granryd can used to predict the HTC of mixed refrigerant under low quality and low flow velocity after modification in this work. Additionally, some suggestion have been proposed in the design and optimization of PFHEs considering the refrigerate flowrate and pressure drop.

Effect of Fe on the denitration activity and sulfur dioxide oxidation rate of vanadium-titanium based SCR catalysts is worthy to be investigated. In this work, Fe₂O₃-V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts with various mass ratios of Fe/V were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized. The results showed that the denitration activity and sulfur dioxide oxidation rate of catalysts initially increased then decreased with the loading of Fe₂O₃. The highest denitration activity of 91.78% and sulfur dioxide oxidation ratio of 1.01% were achieved with a Fe/V mass ratio of 3.0. XPS and H₂-TPR measurements showed that with the loading of Fe₂O₃, the content of active vanadium and V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ ratio on the surface of catalysts decreased, while the relative-content of surface adsorption oxygen(O_α) increased hence the oxidation ability of catalysts enhanced. Moreover, the NO-TPD results showed that the capability of NO adsorption on catalyst surface enhanced with the loading of Fe₂O₃.

Carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO₂ nanotube photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal sol-gel method using the precursors of tetrabutyl titanate, glucose and urea for the dopant sources of titanium, carbon and N elements, respectively. Subsequently, characterization on the structure of catalysts was conducted and the photocatalytic performance for chlorobenzene (CB) conversion reactions was evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of molar ratios of C to Ti and N to Ti on the catalytic activities, and the optimum ratios of 0.49 and 0.28 for the catalyst (donated as 0.5C/0.3N-TiO₂) were achieved. Characterizations on the structure and morphology of catalysts were conducted by XRD and TEM techniques. In combination with UV-vis spectra, FI-IR and BET techniques, it suggested that carbon and nitrogen co-doped titania consists of anatase and rutile with larger surface area, of which the UV-vis absorption spectra were red-shifted to 500 nm of wavelength. Under conditions of 10% of relative humidity, 50 mg·m^-3 of initial concentration and 60 s of reaction time, the conversion ratio of CB reached 93.5%. The catalyst exhibited a relatively high removal ratio (over 80%) of CB under relative humidity ranging from 10% to 60%. Durability test showed the catalytic activities of CB conversion reactions slightly reduced after continuous running for over 10 h of reaction time.

Iron-based composite oxygen carrier (OC) (Fe4ATP6K1) was prepared by sol-gel method, which features Fe₂O₃ as an active component, and natural attapugite (ATP) as an inert support, as well as being modified by KNO₃. Effects of reaction temperature, flow rate of steam and molar ratio of O/C on chemical looping gasification (CLG) of coffee grounds were investigated in a high temperature fluidized bed using steam as gasification agent. It suggests that the Fe4ATP6K1 oxygen carrier as bed material could facilitate carbon conversion in CLG of coffee grounds from 71.38% to 86.25%, compared with that of SiO₂. Under optimized conditions for CLG such as 900℃, 0.23 g·min^-1 of steam flow rate and 1 of molar ratio of O/C, up to 52.75% of average concentration of H₂, 83.79 g·kg^-1 of H₂ production rate, and 1.30 m³·kg^-1 of syngas production rate were achieved. The OC samples before and after reaction at 900℃ were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The interactions within phases of Fe, K and Si, and K in presence of KFeSi₃O₈ phase in the OCs were observed. Twenty redox cycles testing demonstrated that the Fe4ATP6K1 oxygen carrier possessed a good cyclic stability, over 75% of both carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency, while the average concentration of each gas kept almost stable.

Cu-based catalysts(Cu/B/M/Al₂O₃, M = Mg, Ca, Ni)supported on the modified γ-Al₂O₃ by incorporating MgO, CaO or NiO were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method, of which each active component was solely deposited on support. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption(NH₃-TPD), H₂ temperature-programmed reduction(H₂-TPR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques. It showed that effects of the modifications of γ-Al₂O₃ support with varied metal oxides on the structure of Cu-based catalysts and the catalytic performances for the hydrogenation of sec-butyl acetate(SBA)were significant. NiO-modified catalysts exhibited dramatic increases in the yields of both ethyl acetate and butane, due to the intrinsic activity of Ni metal for alkene hydrogenation and the acidic support beneficial to transesterification and sec-butanol dehydration, while the modification with MgO resulted in a poor dispersion of Cu metal on support and an inferior catalyst stability for the SBA hydrogenation. For above two catalysts, the modification of NiO or MgO was conducted after loading B₂O₃ and Cu precursors on support. On the contrary, the modification with CaO was done before loading B₂O₃ and Cu precursors, which facilitated the Cu dispersion on support and improved both SBA conversions and the selectivity to sec-butanol. Moreover, formation and accumulation of non-reactive carbonaceous species on the surface of CaO-modified catalyst might be effectively minimized.

Ru-Zn catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method, and the effect of the different NaOH concentration as precipitant and reduction medium on the performance of Ru-Zn catalyst for selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption (BET), X-ray fluorescene (XRF) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM). It was found that the concentration of NaOH could modify the Zn contents, particle size and pore diameter, and then affect the performance of Ru-Zn catalysts. The Ru-Zn catalyst prepared with the NaOH concentration of 15% gave a high cyclohexene yield of 61.5%. Moreover, this catalyst exhibited the excellent reusability.

The selective hydrogenation reaction mechanisms (C=O addition mechanism, C=C addition mechanism, and 1,4-conjugate addition mechanism) of cinnamaldehyde over M₁₃(M=Au, Pt) were investigated using density functional theory. The transition states of each elementary reaction step in selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde were explored by the complete LST/QST method on the basis of optimized stable adsorption configurations, hence the activation energy and reaction heat were obtained. The calculation results showed that on Au₁₃ cluster, cinnamaldehyde most likely follows 1,4-conjugate addition mechanism to produce very unstable ENOL, and tautomerizes to benzenepropanal(HCAL), of which the total hydrogenation process is almost exothermic. However, on Pt₁₃ cluster, it most likely follows the C=O addition mechanism to generate cinnamyl alcohol(COL) followed by further hydrogenation to saturated alcohols, of which the total hydrogenation process is almost endothermic.

Electrochemical synthesis of ethylene from acetylene was put forward and the synthesized ethylene was characterized by gas chromatography (GC). First-principle calculations were carried out to examine the adsorption of acetylene over the Pd (111) surface. The electrochemical reduction behavior of acetylene has been investigated on a Pd electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and stable polarization curves in sulfuric acid. The formation mechanism of ethylene in the sulfuric acid was proposed and the transfer coefficients of the reaction were calculated. The results showed that the acetylene molecule tended to be adsorbed through the threefold parallel-bridge configuration that was computed to be the most stable because of its lowest adsorption energy. The rate-determining step in the electrolysis process has been obtained. The rate of this step obtained from the assumed process agreed well with the experiment results.

Based on the study of the absorption of simulated wastewater containing cadmium ion on nanoscale humic acid using static method, the adsorption column experimental device was set up to study the dynamic adsorption and elution characteristics of simulated wastewater containing cadmium ion, and the influence factors such as cadmium ion concentration, adsorption (de-sorption) temperatures, coexisting ions, feed rate on the breakthrough adsorption capacity and saturated adsorption capacity were investigated. The kinetic mechanism of column adsorption process on nanoscale humic acid was studied by using Thomas model, and the breakthrough adsorption capacity and saturated adsorption capacity of nanoscale humic acid after regeneration were determined. The results showed that the initial cadmium ion concentration was 150 mg·L^-1 and the feed rate was 10 ml·min^-1, the saturated adsorption capacity was 426.3 mg·g^-1 and 405.5 mg·g^-1, respectively. The saturated adsorption capacity in Thomas model was 364.1 mg·g^-1, 436.1 mg·g^-1 and 441.9 mg·g^-1, respectively. The cadmium ion concentration at eluting peak was 3.3 g·L^-1, 12.0 g·L^-1 and 22.0 g·L^-1, respectively. The concentration of co-existing ions SO₄^2- was increased, and the breakthrough and saturated adsorption amount of nanoscale humic acids for cadmium ion was reduced. Adsorption and de-sorption temperature were conducted with normal temperature condition. After adsorption and regeneration for 30 times, the breakthrough adsorption capacity and saturated adsorption capacity did not significantly decrease. The performance of nanoscale humic acid before and after adsorption and regeneration was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and EDS, respectively. The results showed that nanoscale humic acid had good stability of physical and chemical performances, the morphology had no obvious change, the scale decreased slightly, both the amide and hydroxyl on the surface and in the internal played an effective role, and thus this material can be used repeatedly.

The precipitation crystallization kinetics model for fluorite was deduced based on the two-step crystallization theory of mass diffusion and surface reaction. Using calcium chloride as precipitating agent, the crystallization kinetic data for fluorite were measured in steam ammonia wastewater using batch crystallization and on-line particle monitoring technologies. The crystallization kinetics model parameters were optimized with nonlinear optimization techniques and verified by experimental data. The results showed that the model and model parameters were nice with the average relative error of about 3.37% between the model values and the experimental data. The fluorite precipitation crystallization process was controlled by surface reaction and coalescence phenomenon between fluorite particles happened. Simulation results with the kinetics model indicated that when the initial calcium ion concentration was constant, the higher the initial concentration of fluoride ions, the faster the fluoride ion concentration decline in the initial stage. The initial fluoride ion concentration was too high or too low, eventually they were unfavorable for lower fluoride ion concentration. Appropriate increase in operating temperature may promote fluorine ion purification, however, too high temperature was negative.

A novel adsorbent was prepared from hydrolyzed granular leather waste (ZHGLW) impregnated with Zr(Ⅳ) for fluorion removal. Fluorion adsorption performance and mechanism were investigated by scan electron microscope, energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the optimal mass ratio of hydrolyzed granular leather waste and Zr(NO₃)₄·5H₂O is 1:3 in this study. The maximum removal of fluorion is obtained at pH 3. The isotherm data fit the Langmuir isotherm model well and the obtained maximum fluorion adsorption capacity of the sorbent is 30.56 mg·g^-1. The kinetics of fluorion adsorption onto ZHGLW follows the pseudo-second-order model. Fluorion adsorption process is a chemisorption process, which can be described as that -OH is replaced by fluorion in the form of ion exchange and a stable chemical bond forms through fluorion and impregnated Zr(Ⅳ). Thus, ZHGLW could be an efficient adsorbent for fluorion.

Heteropoly acid salt inorganic ion adsorbent which has good adsorption performance for alkali metal ions could be used for the separation or extraction of rubidium. A spherical composite adsorbent AWP-CaALG was prepared by sol-gel method with calcium alginate (CaALG) and ammonium tungstophosphate (AWP) which were as carrier and active component, respectively, and characterized by SEM, XRD, IR analysis. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent toward rubidium was determined to be 43 mg·g^-1 under the optimum preparation conditions of m(NaALG):m(AWP)=1:2 and concentration of CaCl₂ of 0.5 mol·L^-1 with aging for 24 h and being dried at 105℃. The research of thermodynamic was carried out using Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model for description of experimental data. The free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) changes of adsorption were evaluated. The result showed that the process of adsorption of Rb⁺ by AWP-CaALG could be described by Freundlich equation. The adsorption of Rb⁺ was spontaneous and exothermic process, and therefore, low temperature was advantageous to the adsorption. The study of kinetic was conducted using pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model and shell progressive model for description of kinetic data. The result showed that the adsorption of Rb⁺ could be described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and was controlled by the chemical reaction.

In order to improve the accuracy and generalization ability of soft-sensor for complex industrial process, a Gaussian process ensemble soft-sensor modeling algorithm based on the improved bagging algorithm is proposed. This algorithm uses Gaussian process regression algorithm to build base learners and the resample method of bagging algorithm to form training subsets of base learners. A criteria for feature ordering base on normalized mutual information is proposed with selecting input features of base learners, which can implement supervised feature perturbance in the ensemble modeling for the sake of improving the diversity between base learners. When estimating the output of the test sample according to the output variances given by Gaussian process base learners, several base learners are selected adaptively to calculate the output of ensemble model. A soft-sensor modeling simulation using the data from the reactors of industrial Bisphenol-A production units shows the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Considering the poor wet-skid resistance (WSR) and facile abscission of natural rubber (NR) when applied in ligation band, a new ligation rubber ring based on NR was prepared when used fumed silica as reinforcing agent and glycerol-gelatin as processing agent, which met with the application of ligation bands in mechanical property. Meanwhile, the property of WSR of the ligation rubber ring was characterized by stress, stress relaxation, surface roughness, micro-hardness and dynamic viscoelasticity. The results showed that the stretching stress of NR on 500% was 6.12 MPa, surface micro-roughness (Ra) was 9.754, and excellent micro-hardness and tand. Besides, the coefficient of maximum static friction on wet surface was 2.6. All above results indicated that a good wet-skid resistance was obtained in the new ligation rubber ring.

The solubilization behavior of mixed oils was examined using two kinds of surfactants, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTAC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Equivalent alkyl carbon number (EACN) was adjusted through mixing of different kinds of hydrocarbons, including two-component and four-component hydrocarbons. Both of the relations between EACN and the optimum dosage of alcohol (A*) and the relations between EACN and optimal solubilization parameter (SP*) were investigated. It was found that for both of the two kinds of surfactants used in this study, the A* vs EACN and the SP* vs EACN relations fit quadratic functions. For a certain surfactant under constant condition, the quadratic functions were the same no matter what kinds of hydrocarbons were used.

In order to analyze the performance of the spiral groove dry gas seal considered effects of both real gas and slip flow simultaneously, the modified pressure governing equations of the seal based on the narrow groove theory by taking the effective viscosity coefficient instead of the gas dynamic viscosity and the real gas Virial state equation instead of the ideal gas state equation. N₂, H₂, CO₂ were taken as examples. The leakage, the pressure at groove root radius and the opening force of the seal were calculated. Meanwhile, the leakage, the pressure at groove root radius and the opening force under the condition of ideal gas without slip flow, ideal gas with slip flow, real gas without slip flow and real gas with slip flow were compared, respectively. The results showed that the effect of slip flow made the leakage increase, and the pressure at groove root radius and the opening force decrease. The effect of real gas made the leakage, the pressure at groove root radius and opening force of susceptible compressed gas (Z<1) increase whereas the leakage, the pressure at groove root and opening force of non-susceptible compressed gas (Z>1) decrease. With increasing sealed pressure p_o, the effect of slip flow was reduced, while that of the real gas was strengthened. Under the condition of low sealed pressure, the slip flow effect was significant. On the contrary, the real gas effect played a predominant role under the condition of high sealed pressure.

Behaviors of octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate (OPES) molecules on the oil-water interface were studied through molecular dynamics simulation (MD). The results showed that OPES could weaken tension of the oil-water interface significantly. The interface tension was only 3.85 mN·m^-1 at OPES saturation. The sulfonic group in OPES was the main hydrophilic group and had good hydrophilcity. The interface tension declined from 24.63 mN·m^-1 to 17.43 mN·m^-1 when temperature increased from 318 K to 373 K, indicating the good high temperature resistance of OPES. OPES maintained the stable properties within 1%-5% Na⁺ concentration with only 4.47 mN·m^-1 increase of the interface tension. Therefore, OPES had good salt tolerance and could tolerate higher Na⁺ concentration than Ca²⁺.

A series of perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives based on pentaphenylbenzene backbone (n-PDI, n = 2, 3, 4) were synthesized by 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethanol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl tetraglycol, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride as starting materials. By varying the staring materials, n-PDI (n = 2, 3, 4) with 2, 3, and 4 swallow-tail substituents were obtained. The structures of n-PDI (n = 2, 3, 4) were characterized by IR, ¹H NRM. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) show that the decomposition temperatures of n-PDI (n = 2, 3, 4) are all above 200℃, indicative of well thermal stability of n-PDI (n = 2, 3, 4) in corrosion additive field. The surface active parameters and the thermodynamic parameters of n-PDI were investigated. A series of surface active parameters were obtained from surface tension measurement. It indicated that n-PDI (n = 2, 3, 4) with the shorter ethoxy chain showed the higher surface activity. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization process and the gas-liquid interface adsorption process were derived from critical micelle concentration (CMC) at different temperatures. It indicated that micellization process and the gas-liquid interface adsorption process were spontaneous. Gibbs free energy of the micellization was determined mainly by entropy at low temperature. At higher temperature, however it was mainly dominated by enthalpy. SEM image showed that gemini surfactants on the zinc electrodes have corrosion inhibition.

The deposition and transportation characteristics of microparticles suspended water flowing vertically downwards through a heated porous column were experimentally studied. The amount of deposited particles at the interface and inside porous column, and pressure change at difference location at the conditions with and without circumference heating, or the effect of temperature gradient perpendicular to the flow direction were focused in this study, in which the porous columns and inlet concentration of suspended fluid were kept the same. In addition, the seepage stability, the tube wall temperature distribution and the relative permeabilities for each section were analyzed. The results showed that the relative permeability k_t/k₀ was obviously different at different heating temperature gradients while having the same original porous media and inlet concentration of suspensions. The deposition rates both at the entrance interface and inside porous medium increased with an increase of temperature difference, however, the stability of the deposited structure decreased.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the polymer consistent force field (PCFF) were adopted to investigate the density, molecular and velocity distributions of lubricant squalane in nanogap at 293 K, three different film thicknesses and a wide range of shear velocities. The lubrication mechanism and boundary slip were analyzed. The results showed that the lubricant atoms tended to form layers parallel to the confining wall. The distances between the layers of lubricant atoms were irregular rather than broadening far away from the walls and were about three to four times the length of C-C bond in the squalane. The tendency of lubricant atoms to form layers and the density of solid-like layer increased with decreasing film thickness. It was clearly to find the boundary slip at the solid-liquid interface from the velocity profile. The slip lengths increased with increasing velocity of substrates at the beginning, and then decreased. When the film thickness was 3.44 nm, the maximum slip length was 4.35 nm at the substrate velocity of 22.8 m·s^-1. According to the simulations, the relationship between the slip length and the shear velocity was given.

HPLC was used to study the dynamic degradation of catalitaxol at different temperatures. Establishing the dynamic degradation model of catalitaxol in Endophyte FSN002, the effect of the temperature on the stability of catalitaxol was quantitatively analyzed. It was found that the thermal degradation of catalitaxol in Endophyte FSN002 was first-order reaction kinetics. The thermal degradation rate constant increased rapidly with increasing temperature, fitting the Arrhenius equation. The half-life of catalitaxol at 4℃ was 25 d and it was shortened to 6 d at 25 ℃, while it was only 14 h at 55℃. The model predicted that the half-life of catalitaxol would be only 3.7 h at 70℃. The rotary evaporation of catalitaxol from Endophyte FSN002 would cause substantial degradation and low yield, which was entirely consistent with the experimental verification.

The sorption thermal energy storage has drawn burgeoning attention due to the high energy storage density, long-term heat storage capability and flexible operating modes. A novel thermochemical temperature-lifting system is established for the integrated energy storage and energy upgrade of low-grade thermal energy based on thermochemical temperature-lifting resorption technology. The resorption working pair MnCl₂-CaCl₂-NH₃ is selected to investigate the performance of the energy storage cycle theoretically and experimentally. Results indicate that the highest thermal storage density and latent/sensible heat ratio are 614 kJ·kg^-1 and 0.418 when the heat charging and discharging temperature are 135℃ and 140℃,respectively. The highest heat storage efficiency is 28.57% when the heat charging and discharging temperature are 125℃ and 130℃. The experiments verify the feasibility of the system for utilizing the low-grade thermal energy.

Previous works suggested that the iron-based oxygen carrier Fe₂O₃ with high- index facets [104] showed high activity during chemical looping combustion (CLC). It was also found that Co could be an efficient catalyst for catalytic gasification and conversion of coal. So, an optimized oxygen carrier system Co-Fe₂O₃[104]/Al₂O₃ was prepared through orthogonal experiments,and using it as oxygen carrier CLC of lignite was conducted to reveal its features. The results showed that Co-Fe₂O₃[104]/Al₂O₃(10%, mass fraction) prepared by morphology control can accelerate oxygen transport and its reduction, leading to an obvious increase of rate and efficiency for the reaction between the oxygen carrier and lignite. Furthermore, multi-cycle CLC of CO, XRD and TEM had been used to characterize the regeneration ability and the stability of optimized Co-Fe₂O₃[104]/Al₂O₃(10%).

The mercury sorbent was prepared from raw rice husk char impregnated with 10 g·L^-1 NH₄Br solution. The physical-chemical characteristics of sorbents before and after modification were analyzed by surface area and porosity analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscope. The mercury oxidation and adsorption performance of the modified sorbents were investigated by analyzing mercury speciation (Hg⁰ and Hg²⁺) in the outlet of a fixed bed reactor system in N₂ and N₂+6.4%(vol)O₂ atmosphere at different temperatures. No obvious Hg²⁺ was detected in N₂, N₂+6.4%(vol)O₂ atmosphere at 50℃ and N₂ atmosphere at 150℃. Modified rice husk char exhibited a mercury removal efficiency of 90% at 50℃ and 150℃. Total mercury (Hg^T) removal efficiency of 98.2% was obtained in N₂+6.4%(vol)O₂ atmosphere at 150℃, 82.2% Hg⁰ was bound to the sorbent surface, the remaining was removed in the form of Hg²⁺ which was generated from heterogeneous oxidation by O₂ at the surface of sorbent. The heterogeneous reaction between O₂ and gaseous Hg⁰ at relatively elevated adsorption temperature promotes the Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency of modified sorbents. Desorption performance of adsorbed mercury was identified by analyzing Hg^T at the outlet of temperature programmed tube furnace. Peak mercury desorption temperature of 300℃ manifested that mercury was bound to sorbent surface in the form of Hg-Br compound most likely. Mercury desorption temperature between 220℃ and 350℃ suggested high thermal stability of adsorbed mercury. Mercury balance ratio of 100.14%—118.62% verified the accuracy of experimental results in this study.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of kitchen waste was processed for bio-oil production. The effects of reaction temperature and solid-liquid ratio on products distribution and bio-oil properties were investigated systematically. The highest bio-oil yield of 16.7% was obtained at 320℃ and 1:15. Further increasing temperature or decreasing solid-liquid ratio would promote gas formation. Bio-oil had higher oxygen and nitrogen content compared to heavy oil or residue oil. Over 50% of bio-oil fraction was in the naphtha, kerosene and AGO range. The higher heating value of bio-oil was 32.33—34.82 MJ·kg^-1. Bio-oil was characterized using GC-MS, FT-IR and FT-ICR MS. Bio-oil was a complex mixture composed of hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, phenols, alcohols and N-heterocyclic compounds. Further analysis on the acidic compounds in bio-oil indicated that oxygenated compounds were primarily comprised of O₂ and O₃ species, nitrogenous compounds were mainly N₁O₂、N₁O₃ and N₁O₄ species.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polypropylene (PP) were chosen as membrane materials to compare the effects of membrane materials on the start-up time, biomass, performance for nitrogen and carbon removals as well as membrane fouling in membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR), resulting from their different hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, surface morphology and biocompatibility. The results showed that the biomass on PVDF and PP membrane fibers were 35.62 g·m^-2 and 30.63 g·m^-2, respectively. The membrane fouling by microorganism was observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface of PVDF membrane fibers with scaly structure was found, which prevented the pores from being blocked by microorganism on the surface effectively. MABR equipped PVDF membrane fibers achieved COD removal efficiency of above 90% and TN removal efficiency of 78% during 90 days operation, while COD and TN removal efficiencies of MABR occupied with PP membrane fibers were kept 76.5% and 49.1%, respectively, owing to membrane fouling. It was suggested that PVDF membrane fibers should be more suitable for MABR.

Aiming at the effect of inhibitors on yeast ethanol fermentation during the fuel ethanol biorefinery process, a new green detoxification technology-ionic liquid extraction was developed for detoxification of the prehydrolyzate obtained from washed acid-catalyzed steam-exploded corn stover (ASC). The extractive performances of two kinds of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (alkylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C_nmim][PF₆](n = 4,6,8) and alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C_nmim][BF₄](n = 6,8)) for the ASC prehydrolyzate were investigated and compared. The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of the inhibitors decreased with the increase of alkyl chain length on the cation of ionic liquids. Ionic liquid with PF₆^- anion had much higher extraction efficiency for the inhibitors than those with PF₆^-anion because of the stronger effective charge in BF₄^-. Compared to the extraction efficiency of sugars and inhibitors, [C₈mim][BF₄] was selected as the extractant for detoxification of the ASC prehydrolyzate. Its detoxification results indicated that 85.13% of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 53.22% of formic acid, 47.53% of acetic acid and 65.05% of total phenols could be removed, while the loss of sugars was less than 6%.

At normal temperature of 20—23℃, the domestic wastewater was treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The specific growth rate of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was kept higher than nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) via the two-stage aeration. After 80 cycles, the rapid startup of the partial nitrification was realized and operated steadily. The results showed that the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) could reflect the variation of the specific growth rate of AOB when chemical oxygen demand (COD) had been largely degraded. Analyzing the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in different periods, it indicated that the quantity of bacillus was decreased and the quantity of spherical or elliptic spherical bacteria was increased. The establishment of 16S rDNA clone library indicated that the species of bacteria were rich and the microbes belonged to eight different groups of bacteria. Moreover, the β-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacterial groups.

Purification performance on micropolluted source water by magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) and powder activated carbon (PAC) was studied in this paper. Removal efficiencies of DOC and UV₂₅₄ by MIEX and PAC were compared, respectively. The effluents of MIEX and PAC treatment were analyzed through gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEM). The removal characteristics of organic pollutants with different relative molecular weights and composition were discussed. The results showed that under the normal dosages of the both absorbents (where MIEX was 5—8 ml·L^-1 and PAC was 30—50 mg·L^-1), the average removal efficiencies of DOC and UV₂₅₄ by MIEX treatment were 23% and 20% higher than that by PAC treatment, respectively. However, with increasing absorbent dosages, the maximum removals of DOC and UV₂₅₄ for MIEX were only 6%—8% higher than that for PAC. Compared with PAC treatment, organic pollutants with wider range of relative molecular weight distribution was removed by MIEX treatment. In the range of 5000—50000, MIEX had a more excellent removal performance than PAC. On the other hand, a slightly higher removal of humic acid and fulvic acid was obtained for MIEX than PAC, but the removal of protein by MIEX was significantly higher than that by PAC. Kinetic analysis suggested that the adsorption process of both MIEX and PAC fitted the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption rate of MIEX was about 40 times higher than PAC.

Using reactive brilliant (RB) blue as anthraquinones model pollutants, the inhibition mechanism on methanogenic activity of anaerobic granular sludge was investigated. Likewise, the effect of sludge characteristics on particle size distribution (PSD), metal content and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) via pre-treatment of heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation were evaluated. Lastly, degradation pathway of RB blue was proposed. The results showed that RB blue had metabolic or even physiologic toxicity for methanogens. When RB blue was injected into anaerobic reactor, COD removal efficiency was reduced and partical size of anaerobic granular sludge was decreased. Meanwhile, the calcium and magnesium ion concentrations of the granular sludge decreased from 40.5 and 16.2 mg·L^-1 to 22.5 and 6.8 mg·L^-1, respectively. The stability and flocculability of the granular sludge were deteriorated. However, by pre-treatment of heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation, COD removal efficiency climbed to more than 90%, while the contents of EPS, protein and polysaccharide increased to 98.7, 69.9, and 28.8 mg·(g VSS)^-1, respectively, which guaranteed the favorable stability and activity of the anaerobic granular sludge. The exploration on degradation pathway of RB blue indicated that the hydroxyl free radicals firstly attacked triazine group and anthraquinone structure of RB blue, producing phthalic acid and benzoic acid. After that, they were degraded into small molecule carboxylic acid such as butyric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, and so on. The toxicity was reduced, which was beneficial to the anaerobic biological post-treatment.

An optimized design of the ejector was presented, which was applied to a transcritical CO₂ heat pump as an experimental water heater system. Experiments were carried out not only to investigate the effects of flow rate and outlet temperature of hot water and the high-side pressure on the system and the ejector performance, such as the heating coefficient of performance (COP_h), entrainment ratio, pressure lift and ejector efficiency, but also to reflect the ejector influence on system performance. The experimental results show that though the ejector efficiency was related to the entrainment ratio, their change with the hot water flow rate or the outlet temperature were different. In the other word, the entrainment ratio was decreased while the ejector efficiency was increased with the decrease of the cooling water flow rate or the increase of the outlet temperature. Under the experimental working conditions, pressure lift was kept constant and the COP_h reached about 3.5. With this ejector, high side optimal pressure decreased dramatically, which results in safer operation for this system. However when the COP_h reached the highest value, the ejector efficiency was not the best one. The experimental results also showed that there existed an optimal operation pressure for the transcritical CO₂ heat pump with the ejector. What should be noted was under optimal hide side pressure, hot water outlet temperature was not the highest value but still more than 55℃. Therefore stable operation in the optimal high side pressure for the heat pump system is of great significance. It can not only greatly improve system performance, but also ensure attain higher water temperature of the hot water.

The waste water in oil production in Liaohe Oilfield is treated by Fenton method. It is proved by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction method (XRD) that the poly ferric compounds are generated in the system. The Ferron-complexation timed spectrophotomctric method is used to confirm the species distribution of the newly-formed ferric. At the same time, the process research of Fenton's oxidation and flocculation are studied. The results show that Fenton method has a dual function of oxidation and flocculation, and both of them have synergistic effect. The dual function makes the efficiency higher than that of the separate poly ferric flocculation, and also far greater than separate oxidation of itself.

Lignite drying is very important for improvement of lignite quality. In order to simulate evaporation process of water in lignite particle during drying in high temperature flue gas, a mathematical model was established for the unsteady drying process of single lignite particle at high and variable temperature using finite volume method, and the fundamental assumption made was that the lignite particle was spherical and could be divided into two parts in one-dimensional spherical coordinate system by water evaporation interface that migrates inwards during drying. The model was used to analyze the drying behavior of lignite particle with time and the effect of initial temperature of flue gas and particle size. The variation trend obtained by numerical simulation was similar to that did by experiments for drying process. It was found that the higher initial flue gas temperature and the smaller particle size lead to the faster migration velocity of the water evaporation interface, the lower moisture content of lignite particle and the shorter drying time. There is a linear relationship between the interface migration velocity and the initial flue gas temperature and lignite particle size.

The physical properties and adsorption capacity of unfermented sludge based biochar (SBC) and fermented sludge based biochar (FSBC) to ammonia and total phosphorus were investigated. Also, their adsorption capacities were compared with commercial activated carbon (CAC). The results indicated that the fermentation was favor of the development of pore structure, and the specific surface area and pore volume of FSBC were higher than that of SBC. The adsorption capacity of phosphate among three carbon materials was FSBC > SBC > CAC, indicating chemical adsorption is the major type for the phosphorous. For ammonia, the result was CAC > FSBC > SBC, suggesting that the adsorption is largely dependent on the physical adsorption. The FSBC adsorption capacity to ammonia and phosphorus was enhanced compared with SBC. When applied in the authentic wastewater, the removal sequence of ammonia and phosphorus was CAC > FSBC > SBC. The phosphorus removal efficiency by CAC and FSBC was 31% and 27%, respectively. And the ammonia removal efficiency by CAC and FSBC was 7% and 4%, respectively. The ammonia and total phosphorus adsorption capacities by FSBC were closed to CAC, which indicated that as a low cost product from the sewage sludge, FSBC was promising for the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in the future research.

After adding Tween80 into the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the glycan conversion of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) pretreated by liquid hot water (LHW) was improved 11.4%. The enzymatic hydrolyzates with and without Tween80 were prepared as media to cultivate heterotrophic Chlorella sp.. According to the compositional feature of enzymatic hydrolyzate, the synthetic media composed of glucose, xylose and cellobiose were prepared to mimic the media containing enzymatic hydrolyzate. The medium which only contained glucose was used as the positive control. The glucose concentration in all of the media was 10 g·L^-1. The synthetic media containing Tween80 or not were mixed with BG11 which did not contain carbonate, while the hydrolyzates media were prepared with or without the foregoing BG11. The cell growth and fatty acids yield of heterotrophic Chlorella sp. cultivated on the above media were investigated. The results showed that Tween80 could inhibit the cell growth of Chlorella sp., and cellobiose could also put negative impact on the biomass of Chlorella sp.. Chlorella sp. cultivated on medium containing glucose and BG11 attained the maximum biomass of 1.97 g·L^-1. The biomass of Chlorella sp. growing on enzymatic hydrolyzate media with BG11 was 2 times more than that on enzymatic hydrolyzate media without BG11. 6.90% of maximum fatty acid content was achieved when Chlorella sp. was cultured in enzymatic hydrolyzate media containing Tween80 and BG11. The chief fatty acids produced in all media were C_16:0, C_18:1, C_18:3, C_20:1 and C_20:4. The addition of inorganic and organic nutrients into cellulolytic hydrolyzate can enhance the biomass and lipid content of microalgae.

The target of this study is to investigate the performance and efficiency of an integrated autothermal reforming and SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) system fueled by methane. A zero dimensional SOFC stack model, which consists of electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics, is developed by Fortran and validated with experiment results, and links it to Aspen Plus software as a subroutine. Based on mass and energy balances, influences of steam to carbon(S/C) ratio and fuel utilization(U_f) on performance of SOFC power systems are investigated. The simulation results show that increase in the S/C ratio can enhance hydrogen production while reduce CO formation. Oxygen to carbon ratio and system efficiency achieve maximum when S/C ratio is 1.5. Increase of fuel utilization can enhance current density, resulting in increase of excess air ratio and decrease of air utilization. The overall efficiency and electric efficiency of the system all are increase because more chemical energy is converted into electric energy, whose maximum values are 44.5% and 39.2%, respectively. The performance characteristics obtained is of great significance for further optimization of integrated SOFC systems with autothermal reforming of natural gas.

Nowadays, the researches of VFAs production by excess sludge focused mainly on the utilization of the excess sludge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in east and north areas of China, and few on the sludge in south China. Meanwhile, the related on-site experimental research for VFAs production property by sludge from WWTP in south China was rarely reported. Research on VFAs production by excess sludge was conducted at alkaline condition by semi-continuous anaerobic reactor, which was located at Dinghu wastewater treatment plant in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province. The results showed that great hydrolysis and acidification properties of the system could be achieved at alkaline condition (pH 10.0). The percentage of VFAs-COD/SCOD was 73.89% in average, which was about 2%—15% higher than that of existing similar researches. Meanwhile, only small amount of polysaccharide and protein were accumulated (5%—15% of SCOD). Acetic acid was the main component of VFAs with the proportion of 51.43%. And the dominant microbial species in the system were all nearly acid production microorganisms including Acetoanaerobium sp., Clostridiales bacterium Z-810, Proteinivorax tanatarense strain Z-910 and Tissierella sp., among which Acetoanaerobium sp. and Clostridiales bacterium Z-810 were not reported in other similar researches. The excess sludge reduction rate of 33.5% could be achieved.

In order to study the desulphurization properties of seawater with jet bubbling reactor, experimental researches on SO₂ removal from simulated marine waste gas were investigated in a self-designed jet bubbling reactor. The parameters influencing desulphurization efficiency, such as waste gas flow, seawater temperature, immersion depth, inlet concentration of SO₂ and O₂, were examined. Results showed that the absorption capacity of seawater scrubbing SO₂ was up to 3.682 mmol·L^-1 about 3.92 times that of deionized water. The desulphurization efficiency decreased with the increase in waste gas flow, seawater temperature and inlet SO₂ concentration while it increased with increasing immersion depth and inlet O₂ concentration. Desulphurization efficiency reduced linearly over desulphurization time. Increasing waste gas flow can increase total liquid phase mass transfer coefficient by 3.16%, which was less than that of seawater temperature. The absorption capacity increased significantly with increasing inlet O₂ concentration. It increased from 3.682 mmol·L^-1 to 7.463 mmol·L^-1 as the inlet O₂ concentration increased from 0% to 12%.

How to develop a simple synthetic process to prepare novel materials with high sulfur content is still sorely lacking but urgent. Here a facile method which was termed "inverse vulcanization" to prepare thermally stable and processable polymeric materials was proposed through the direct radical copolymerization of elemental sulfur with limonene. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, elemental analysis (EA) and GPC were used to investigate the structural composition and molecular weight of the sulfur-limonene oligomers (PSL). DSC and TGA were used to evaluate the thermal behavior of the obtained oligomers. Solubility experiments were also carried out to test whether these oligomers could be dissolved by several common organic solvents at room temperature. The results showed that the prepared sulfur-rich copolymers exhibited excellent thermostability, solubility and adhesion. The sulfur content in the obtained product increased with increasing initial feed ratios of sulfur. For PSL, when reaction time was 2 h and the reaction temperature was 210℃, the best product performance was obtained.

In order to further reduce the water content in the UV-curable aqueous oligomers, the water-diluted polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) oligomer was synthesized using toluene diisocyanate as hard segment, polyether polyol and polyethyleneglycol as soft segments, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as hydrophilic reactant, hydroxyl propyl acrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate as end-capping reagent, and triethylamine as neutralizer. The solid contents of the oligomer were about 80%. The influence of types and molecular weight of soft segments, the molar ratio of -NCO/-OH, the addition sequence and amount of DMPA, and the amount of inner crosslinking agent and COOH on the viscosity and film properties of UV-curable oligomer was investigated. The prepared products were characterized by UV curing, tensile strength tests, FTIR, GPC and other analysis. The results showed that the COOH content was not only the factor influencing the viscosity of the oligomer. The diols of small molecular weight, the value of n(-NCO):n(-OH) between 1.7 and 1.8, DMPA concentration in hard segments or soft segments, and 15% of trimethylolpropane were more favorable to reduced viscosity. An optimum synthesis result was obtained when the pencil hardness was H, the bending flexibility was 2 mm, the fastest curing time was 2 s, the largest tensile strength was 11.88 MPa, and the largest elongation was 21.4%. More than 60% of water content was reduced by the waterborne UV-curable coatings as compared with similar products sold in the market. Thus, this UV-curable WPUA can be apply to reduce both the humidity and time requirements.

Synthesis of bisoxalatoborate spiro cyclic quaternary ammonium salt (BSQA) from 8-oxa-5-azonia- spiro[4,5]decane bromide(ASB), oxalate dihydrate(OD) and boric acid (BA) was by means of ion exchange. Its structure was verified by ¹³C NMR and LC-MS. Synthesis of BSQA was optimized by using orthogonal test. The optimized conditions were as follows: molar ratio of n_ASB:n_BA was 2.8:1, reaction time was 4 h and reaction temperature was 90℃. Finally, the conversion rate of ASB was 90.2% in this optimized condition. Two kinds of electrolyte that made from BSQA, ET₄NBF₄ with acetonitrile separately were applied in simulated supercapacitor to test the electrochemical performance. The result showed that the operating voltage can be 3.0V with charge/ discharge efficiency of 94.89% and the energy density of 11.63 W·h·kg^-1. The product was better than ET₄NBF₄ which was usually used as organic electrolyte in the electrochemical performance with a higher operating voltage.

Cerium phosphate nanofibers were synthesized by thermal treatment with the help of the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as structure-director. Cerium phosphate materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and N₂ sorption. The results showed that the synthesized cerium phosphate material was mix-crystal of hexagonal and monazite. Cerium phosphate with cabbage-leaf-like morphology was composed of nano-fibers with the width of 5 nm and the length of several of hundreds to thousands nanometer. The proposed formation mechanism was the cooperative self-assembly formation-controlled through oriented attachment growth mechanism. Thus, cerium phosphate materials as catalysts were applied for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane and exhibited significant catalytic performance and stability.

In order to conveniently and rapidly evaluate the stability of the sulfated solid superacid against the water, the TiO₂-supported and the ZrO₂-supported solid superacid were used as the objects to study the influence of support and preparation process on the stability of solid superacid under different temperature water pretreatment. The physical structure of solid superacid was characterized by means of XRD and BET. It was found that there were no significant changes in crystallite and pore structure of the solid superacid with water pretreatment. FTIR and NH₃-TPD results showed that the catalytic activity of all the solid superacid decreased a lot after water pretreatment. When the temperature of water pretreatment was rising, the amount of SO₄^2- further dropped so that the acid amount fell and the catalytic activity of solid superacid decreased significantly. Moreover, the present work showed that the stability of ZrO₂-supported sulfated solid superacid was better than that of TiO₂-supported sulfated solid superacid but the initial activity was worse than the TiO₂-supported superacid. In addition, the loss of SO₄^2- of solid superacid prepared by calcination before SO₄^2- acidification was less than that by SO₄^2- acidification before calcination, which indicated that the preparation process had influence on the stability of solid superacid.

A series of experiments were conducted to study double-suppression effect of multi-layer wire-mesh structure on methane-air mixture explosion in a spherical vessel connected with pipelines. Explosion double-suppression effect was analyzed for explosion suppression structures with different layers and meshes. The most reasonable multi-layer wire-mesh structure was obtained. The combination of different layer number and mesh number had different explosion suppression effect on the linked vessels. Compared with single-suppression effect, the double-suppression effect was much better. Based on 5-layer 60-mesh, which had little single-suppression effect, the double-suppression effect was more effective while the 5-layer 40-mesh was adopted as double-suppression structure. 1-layer 60-mesh or 3-layer 60-mesh had little suppression effect, but 5-layer was different. When the layer of wire-mesh was more than five, the effect was significant, and the more the number of layers was, the better the explosion suppression effect was. Thus, in actual explosion protection design, the best explosion suppression structure should be decided by taking into account of the comprehensive effect of the times of suppression and layer number and mesh number of wire-mesh structure.

For four daily ignition modes, including electric spark, hot wall suddenly touched, hot resource direct heated and hot wall continuous heated, a comparative analysis of the whole process of gasoline-air deflagration in confined space was made through visualization experiment and data analysis. There were great differences in ignition condition, combustion speed, flame structure and flame color for gasoline-air deflagration under different ignition mode. Although there were four stages during the process of gasoline-air deflagration in confined space, their duration time and flame color were all different. According to analysis for maximum explosion overpressure and explosion pressure curves, the ignition modes of maximum explosion overpressure from big to small were hot wall suddenly touched, electric spark, hot resource direct heated and hot wall continuous heated. At the same time the typical features of overpressure curve was analyzed.