A review on the polymeric hollow fibers membranes for gas separation has been conducted. In order to deyelop high performance membranes for gas separation, there are a few technology challenges awaiting the chemical engineers to overcome. There are four major challenges, namely: 1) material selection and synthesis; 2) fabrication of hollow fiber membranes with an ultra- thin dense selective layer; 3) materials against plasticization; and 4) aging. In each area, we summarize the scientific accomplishments and technical difficulties.

Metalization is widely used in integrated circuit devices to connect millions of devices together. The success of metallization depends strongly on diffusion barrier technology, due to the interactions of metals with surrounding materials. As device dimension further shrinks, diffusion barrier technology is facing more challenges and opening up new opportunities, particularly for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process technology. CVD is attracting increased attention in advanced metallization mainly due to its capability in producing conformal thin films. In this review, we will focus our discussion on CVD processes for three most important classes of diffusion barriers: Ti, W and Ta-based diffusion banters. Examples from current literature will be examined.

The navigator sites for Intend chemical resources and chemical vital community sites are briefly outlined. Besides as a basic component in a virtual community site and merely providing hyperlinks to other sites, a navigator may accumulate knowledge about information sources, users experiences and attract loyalty of users, taking ChIN as an example. Moreover, there are similar goal and approaches in the silo managing for a navigator and navigator and a virtual community.ChIN is becoming a widely accepted Internet chemical resources navigator in China and might be evolved into a virtual community site in future.

Cryopreservation of cells and tissues (natural or engineered) usually involves complicated protocols for addition and later removal of cryoprotecting agents to avoid osmotic shock and toxicity to cells. The rate of CPA addition and removal is essential to cell survival. In this study, the feasibility of using porous membrane to control the rate of CPA transfer to cell environment is studied, A purpose designed diffusion chamber was fabricated. The effects of membrane characteristics (porosity and effective thickness), temperature, and initial concentration were experimentally studied. A simplified mathematical model was developed, which provides the basis to desire the membrane parameters based on tile experimental measurements.

In this study a hovel metal ion affinity ligand was immobility onto the sensor chip. Three poly-histidine peptides were used to study the interaction of tile peptides and the immobilised metal ion affinity ligand via biosensor system . The results obtained in this study indicate that the affinity of immobilised Ni(Ⅱ) ion affinity ligand for these peptides appear to be related to the arrangement of the histidine residues in the peptides. This study first documents the application of biosensor technique for paptide screening.

The synthesis of dipeptide AcPheLeuNH2 catalyzed by immobilized pancreatic lipase was carried out in a two- liquid-phase hollow-fiber membrane reactor, operated in a batch mode. Kinetic properties of free and immobilized enzyme, partition behavior between aqueous buffer phase and organic solvent phase, and effective diffusion coefficients of substrates and products through the membrane were investigated respectively. Based on the preliminary experimental results, the performance of the enzyme membrane reactor, which is evaluated by the purity and the yield, is discussed.

This paper describes the recent progress of main chemical separation technologies in process industry, including extraction separation (such as reversed micelle extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, liquid membrane extraction, membrane based extraction, supercritical extraction, gel extraction, micelle extraction), absorption distillation, membrane separation, integrated bioreaction and weparation et al.

Uniform polystyrene hollow particles were prepared successfully by employing SPG (Shirasu porous glass) emulsification technique. The oil phase composed of monomer [styrene (St) and N,N-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA)], hexadecane (HD) and initiator was permeated through the uniform pores of SPG membrane into the aqueous phase (containing stabilizer, emulsifier and water-soluble inhibitor ) by a gas pressure to form uniform droplets. The droplets were then polymerized at 70℃. It was found that the hollow particles were obtained by adding a small amount of DMAEMA into the oil phase and by using NaNo2 as the water-soluble inhibitor, while only one-hole particles were obtained without adding DMAEMA, or when using diaminophenylene (DAP) or hydroquinone (HQ) as the inhibitor. The formation mechanism was discussed by the view of interfacial tensions between polymer and aqueous phase, HD and aqueous phase, and HD and polymer. Further more, it was found that hollow particles can be obtained even when DMAEMA content in the oil phase was very low, by increasing HD to high value.

The laboratory scale experiments for determining the influence on the distribution of phosphorus by.adding Al-containing component in melting furnace were conducted. It is found that the addition of Al-containing component in melting furnace increased the amount of phosphorus in slag phase. Thermodynamic analysis of the industrial sludge melting process with the addition of different Al-containing components was also carried out. The compositions of slag and the gas in three different zones in melting furnace were obtained. The results also demonstrate that increasing the mole ratio Al/P of charged materials is an effective way to fix more phosphorus in slap, which can help reduce the amount of H3PO4 precipitate from guy in the waste heat boiler later.

The hallmark of apoptosis, in suspension cultures of Taxus spp. cells induced by fungal extractive or by abiotic means, was studied by total DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and in situ end-labeling. The cleavage of nuclear DNA (nDNA) into oligonucleosomal fragments(DNA laddering) was a characteristic of apoptosis, which involved cell shrinkage, condensation of cytoplasm and tracheary elements differentiation. Terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling (TUNEL) assay of Taxus spp. cells showed that fungal extractive or abiotic elicltors (Ce4+, Taxol, H2O2) induced TUNEL positive. Also, the increase of the apoptotic cell ratio was accompanied by the increase of secondary metabolites (especially Taxol). These results suggest that apoptosis may have some coincidence with biosynthesis of Taxol. The implication of apoptosis for the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures is discussed.

Characterization of water, waste water and natural organic matter are involved in this paper, and as well as the features of flocculation and coagulation for removing natural organic matter from water and waste water Novel flocculant and coagualant is strongly asked for improving removal efficiency and environment friendly. Enhanced coagulation is introduced to meet the experimental and practical requirement.

In order to determine the scheme of separation and preparation of Al(OH)3 from waste residue with high KAlO2 content, solubility for the KOH - KAlO2 - K2CO3 - H2O system was studied. Morcovee some paramaters of the process control were determined, and Al(OH)3 product with a high quality was obtained.

Mesoporous molecular sieve with Al-promoted sulfated rirconia (SZA) based strong solid acid nano-particles within its mesoporous channels was synthesized by using a one-step incipient wetness impregnation method with zirconium sulfate and aluminum sulfate as the precursors. The assemblies of SZA/MCM-41 were obtained by thermal decomposition of the precursors in air.The resultant composite was characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM. It was shown that the well-ordered channels of MCM-41 arranged in hexagonal arrays as well as the hollow tubular morphology was retained. The strong solid acid nanoparticles were isolated born each other and highly, dispersed in the channels. Nitrogen sorption showed the expected decrease in pore volume. The catalytic activity of SZA/MCM-41 composite in the isomerization of n-butane was dramatically improved in comparison to bulk SZA or SZA/silica.

In this paper, the development and applications in andmicroscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic simulation on molecular dynamics are introduced. These three kinds of modeling methods as well as theirs applications are reviewed also.

MoS2/γ－Al2O3 ceramic composite membrane is successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method based on the inorganic salt route. The aluminum hydrate sol derived from the inorganic salt Al(NO3)3, whose transparence and viscosity are 97% and 1.2 × 10-3 Pa. s, respectively, can be formed through adjusting the ratio of the peptizing agent H+ to Al3+ to 0.3. The aluminum hydrate gel at 110℃ is amorphous in structure and is heat-treated in air at 800℃ to form γ－Al2O3. The precursor derived from the mixture solution of ammonium molybdate, thioacetamide and a reducing agent, can be transformed into crystal MoS2 under reducing condition at 800℃. MoS2/γ－Al2O3 composite membrane is an organic whole and bps no gradation from MoS2 layer to γ－Al2O3 Iayer. The separation factor a H2/H2S through the MoS2/γ－Al2O3 composite membrane increase with rising temperature and a H2/H2S at 600℃ is 4.45 higher than the theoretical separation factor produced by the ideal Knudsen diffusion.

Microcapsules (or microspheres) with small size and narrow size distribution have potential applications as carriers of proteins and polypeptides. However the conventional preparation methods severely limit their real applications. Membrane emulsification technology may become a new preparation method of microcapsules with monodisperse droplets, mild conditions, good stability, low energy consumption and easy to realize mass production. In this paper, studies on membrane emulsification systems and the possible existing problems are summarized, and primary attempts on preparing alginate/chitosan microcapsules are conducted.

We have studied the mixed gas permeation in hollow fiber membrane modules using two approaches: namely, the co- current plug flow model and the complete mixing model with the combination of experimental data. Elucidation was made to determine the permeance of CO2 and CH4 and the selectivity of CO2/CH4 in a polyimide hollow fiber membrane permeator It is found that the intrinsic gas separation properties of hollow fibers for mixed gases can be accurately determined based on (1) the cocurrent plug now model, and (2) the complete mixing model with the assumption of averaged retentate concentration of the feed and the retentate outlet.

The inherent characteristics in the rapid expansion process of supercritical fluid solution were analyzed. The temperature change resulted from the throttling expansion of the supercritical fluid, and the strong turbulence in the expansion flow resulted from the quick change of the fluid pressure were experimentally measured. It was proposed that the temperature and turbulence in the expansion flow affect the particle nucleation, growth or coating process significantly.

The pseudo-fluid model based on the closure of modified kinetic theory of granular flow was used to simulate the clustering phenomena in a circulating fluidized bed riser. The simulation results show that the clustering is a rather dynamic process. The formation of clusters reduces the slip velocity within the particle clusters, and hence some particles are lifted by air while the others fall down along the wall. The dynamic equilibrium of these two types of movements leads to the characteristic sigmoid profile of solid concentration along the axial direction.

Based on a mathematical model of supersonic two-phase flow in a novel cold plasma-liquid reactor, simulations were made to the momentum and heat transfer between supersonic gas stream and spray droplets during the relaxation period of the two-phase flow. The system was formed in a Layal jet by introducing spray into the supersonic plasma stream at a place below the critical section. Fast mixing and high rate volumetric transportation were the key factor for the highly dispersed supersonic two-phase flow system to match the short life span of the activated medium in cold plasma, generally in the order of magnitude around 10-2ms. Simulation results showed that tremendous potential of momentum, heat and mass transfer exist in the system especially during a short period around 0.015-0.030ms, named relaxation time τv when the droplets are accelerating after introduced into the supersonic gas stream. More detailed calculations indicated that, under a set of suitable conditions (see Table 2-3), the majority of transport process (75% of momentum and 45% of heat) can be completed within the first quarter of relaxation time. This is just in accordance to the life span of active particles in cold plasma. Furthermorg, the simulation results suggested that the large ratio of flow rate of liquid to gas as well as the small size of droplets are beneficial to the transport process in the manner of reducing τv up to 50%.

Smelting reduction is a front iron making technology for the 21st century. It can produce liquid iron by direct using common coal but not charred coal. The process has many attractive advantages such as concise flow, low investment and production cost, low environmental pollution and high quality molten iron. Combined with a reciprocal chemical technology, energy efficiency can be further improved by transforming mass coal gas, by-produced in smelting reduction,into dimethyl ether, a clean fuel. Method and characteristics of the combined technology are discussed in this paper.

The extraction of gold (Ⅰ) cyanide in polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems has been investigated. Almost all of gold (Ⅰ) cyanide was transferred into the PEG-rich phase from salt-rich phase. No influence of solution pH on gold (Ⅰ) cyanide extraction was observed. The gold (Ⅰ) cyanide in the PEG-rich phase can be easily reduced by zinc. The PEG-rich phase could be reused for extraction of gold (Ⅰ) cyanide with no decrease of extraction capability. The aqueous biphasic systems may provide a new technique for gold separation from cyanide solutions.

A culture system was developed and successfully employed for the serum-free cultivation of Tn-5B1-4 (Tn5 ) insect cells. With our adaptation procedure, it was possible to obtain cells fully adapted to serum-free media in stationary T-flasks and then enable these adapted cells to grow well in spinner flasks immediately. The spinner "ask with special stirring design proved tO provide favorable culture environment that made it desirable for use in the serum-free cultivation of Tn5 cells even at low seeding density.

With cellulose hydrolyte as raw material to ferment citric acid by Aspergillus niger at constant temperature and under oscillation temperature were discussed and compared. The results showed that oscillatory temperaturg fermentation can stimulate thalli growth and it was beneficial to the production of citric acid at the initial stage of fermentation.

There is growing interest in applying supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to the treatment of wastewaters arid sludgest As the typical representation of alcohols wastewater ethanol was selected and its oxidation in supercritical water was investigated. The experiments were performed in an isothermal, plug-flow reactor at temperatures from 748.2 to 823.2K, pressures from 22 to 30 MPa, reactor residence times from 0.6 to 63.7s, and oxygen/ethanol molar feed ratios from 4.56 to 9.09. The oxidation of ethanol was fast in supercritical water At temperature of 823.2K, pressure of 25MPa and residence time of more than 10s, the reaction conversion of ethanol to carbon dioxide was near 100 percent. Monoxide was the major intermediate of the process. The ethanol conversion increased with increasing residence time and temperature and did not obviously change with varying pressure or oxygen concentration.

Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) has been introduced as a primary recovery step for protein purification from a whole fermentation broth or unclarified cell homogenates. It can also be integrated with a fermentation or cell disruption process. Solid matrix is the principal pillar supporting the successful application of the EBA technology. This article summarizes the solid matrices employed in and developed for the EBA process to date. Further development of solid matrices for the expanded bed technique in the recovery of various biological substances from different sources has been addressed.

In φ30 packing column, the synthesis of isoamyl acetate is studied by using fluidising catalytic reaction rectification, in which the catalyst powder is fluidizing with feed. it has been investigated that catalyst content, acetic acid-alcohol mole ratio, feed positions of acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol, reflux ratio and reflux position of water phase affect on the process. Under the selected experiment conditions, the isoamyl ACetate content of the ether phase at the top of the tower is about 95.11% and the conversion of isoamyl acetate is about 95%.

In this article results of an experimental study the gasification process of coal in a NOx - Suppressed and Smokeless stove under different ventilation conditions is presented. NO and CO emissions of the stove were measured during air supply three different sections which are below the grate, to the gasification region and to the pyrolysis region. On basis of the experimental data it was investigated how operating parameters such as gas composition, temperature and gas residence time will affect NO emissions.

The effect of boric acid on the extraction of bastnasite leaching liquor by Cyanex 923 was studied. Boric acid wasnt extracted alone by Cyanex 923 and didnt influence the cerium(IV) extraction. But it can enhance the extraction of hydrofluoric acid evidently and came into organic phase in form of (HF)(H3BO3).(Cyanex 923).

The construction Of evaluation parameter set is the prerequisite of systematic evaluation. According to the requirement in bioseparation process, an evaluation parameter set is put forward which consists of parameters on media stability and chromatographic property. Stability parameters are of yes/no characteristics while chromatographic parameters are comparable and can be summarized by productivity. Productivity can be divided into dynamic binding capacity, yield and cycle time, with yield influenced by recovery, resolution and cycle time by flow rate, regeneration factor.The hierarchical structure forms an evaluation parameter let for ion exchanger systematic evaluation. Its soundness is supported by statistics of references on media characterization.

The stability of the particle in Acoustic levitation apparatus is discussed according to the results of the numerical simulation. It has found that with the increase of the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of sound source, the deformation of the wave form of sound pressure is enhanced and the influence of higher harmonics is strengthened. The distributions of harmonics are also affected by the change of the chamber length. With the increase of the SPL, the nodes of sound pressure move Periodically, and sound radiation pressure near the nodes increases obviously, while sound radiation pressures are almost equal to zero in the loWer SPL region.

Based on the purification and modification of bentonite, titanium-cross-linked Bentonite was prepared with Ning-ming Dentonite as raw material, and the catalytic capability of titanium-cross-linked Bemtpmote in synthesis of n-butyl acetate was also studied. The experiment result shows that titanium-cross-linked Bentonite have the better catalytic capability in the reaction of esterification than that of sulfuric acid at the same conditions.

A level set approach for computing incompressible two-phase flow is presented with the SIMPLE algorithm incorporated. The motion of gas bubbles in liquid with large density ratio, viscosity ratio and surface tension is numerically simulated and it is found that the computational results are in good agreement with experiments.

A new pathway of gas-to-liquid conversion, directly from methane and carbon dioxide, was established recently using a catalytic dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) with zeolite. Direct fuel synthesis becomes possible at reaction conditions close to ambient ones. The products from such direct fuel synthesis include alkanes, alkenes, oxygenates and Syngas (CO + H2). The product distribution is similar to that from Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis but it does not follow the Flory-Schulz kinetics. The presence of zealots within discharge plasmas improves the selectivity of lighter hydrocarbons.

The effect of Fe2+, NH4+ and glucose on the leaching of nickel-bearing pyrrhotite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (T.fs) was investigated. Fe2+, NH4+ amendment obviously enhanced the leaching of Ni, Cu and Co. Certain concentration of glucose in the medium inhabited the dissolution of Ni and Co, increased the leaching of Mg and did not obviously affect the leaching of Cu. Ni was leached from nickel-bearing pyrrhotite by both direct reaction of bacteria with minerals and indirect reaction of Fe3+ with minerals, Fe3+ did not obviously influence the leaching of Cu. The leaching of Mg depended on pH of leaching solution.

Highly active and stable nickel catalyst for dehydrogenation of methane and hydrogenation of benzene is prepared from a precursor with hydrotalcite-like anionic clam structure by coprecipitation. The nickel particles have a narrow size distribution in several nanometers, and have a strong interaction with other components such as Al2O3. This catalyst is highly sensitive to further modification by doping and to reaction condition. On a modified catalyst, benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane proceeds to complete at 373 K. While on another catalyst, different structured nanocarbons are obtained at moderate temperatures. It is found that the thioresistance of the nickel catalyst in hydrogenation can be improved by doping.

Clean Production is the best method for iron-steel making industry to eliminate pollution thoroughly. In order to achieve this object, smelting reduction technology should play the key role. Furthermore, process integration method can be used to solve the problem of residual gas utilization by integrating smelting reduction process with direct reduced iron unit, gasoline, methanol or dimethyl ether synthesis unit, etc. A new smelting reduction process has been proposed which can be constructed on the present plant site. Since this process can directly treat the lump coal and iron ore fines, it reduces st6ps necessary in traditional blast furnace process and Corex smelting reduction process.

The glycosidation reactions of D-glucose with ethanol have been carried out over a reusable and separable heterogeneous catalyst, namely, ion exchange resin. Detailed kinetic data for these reactions are reported. A complex reaction model has been developed for interpreting the data. The reactions were found to be global second-order reactions and first -order with respect to each component. Meanwhile, a new regression method is applied to determine the rate constant from time-dependent profiles.

The kinetics of 4-OH-TMP heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reaction catalyzed by ion exchange resin supported Mg2+ was studied. The reaction mechanism was. discussed and the 4-OH-TMP catalytic oxidation kinetics equation was derived as r=kCACB. They were obtained from the experiment that the activation energy Ea=50.96kJ/mol, the rate constant k=8.52×103exp(-50. 96/RT), the relation between rate constants and catalyst use level k=38.6+6.19w-0.64w2.

The technology boom in microelectronics and telecommunication industry has presented a unique opportunity for nanomaterials. Nanomaterials enable the creation of unique devices, components and systems through the control of matter on a near molecular level. These new devices, components and systems will exhibit novel physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical and biological properties. The synthesis processes of nanomaterials are reviewed and the applications of nanomatorials in microelectronics are discussed in this paper.

A new type of gas decontaminant- mixed organic calcium salts was prepared. In a spray drying type entrained flow reactor at the range of 900-1100℃ with the gas composition simulating the industrial boiler condition and the contacting time about 1 s, its capability of SO2 removal and NOx reduction from high temperature gas was compared with other gas cleaners, the effect on its SO2 removal and NOx reduction capability under different gas conditions was determined. The order of sorbent utilization for fast SO2 removal is mixed organic calcium salts > CaAc2 > Ca(OH)2 > CaCO3. Utilization of mixed organic calcium salts for fast NO removal is 6.09%, which is approximately 2.5 times higher than CaAc2 under the same conditions, while both CaCO3 and Ca(OH)2 presented no NO reduction ability essentially. Within this temperature range the sorbent utilization for fast SO2 removal increases with the increase of temperature. With respect to fast NO reduction there exists an optimal temperature for the utilization of mixed organic calcium saltS and CaAc2 which is approximately 1000℃. Lower O2 concentration is beneficial to both SO2 removal and NO reduction in the O2 concentration range between 2% to 6%. The experimental results revealed that the cleaner sulfation will promote its ability for NO reduction to some extent.

Taking hepatcyote lines L-02 as materials, the fluorescence spectrum of the fluorescent probe 1,6 dipheny-1,3,5 hexatriene(DPH) used to label the fluidity of intact plasma membranes is studied. Furthermore, influence on the damage of intact plasma membranes induced by free radicals and the regulation of tea polyphenols is researched. The result shows that the volue fluorescence peaks transfers from 442um to 432um, but the fluorescence Ploarization of cells membranes is stable betWeen 0.277 and 0.280 during the labelling time of 30-90 minutes. With the concentration of 0-50μg /ml tea polyphenols supplemented in culture, tea polyphenol has no significant effects on the fluidity of L-02 cells membranes. But induced by Fe(Ⅱ)M2O2, fiuorescence polarization increased and the fluidity of L-02 cells membranes decreased. Aner adding the concentration of 10,20,50μg /ml tea polyphenols to the cell suspension respectivily, the fluorescence polarization decreased. The result indicates tea polyphenol could protect damage by reactive oxygen species.

The growth status of ten yeasts in the presence of several different polar organic solvents such as petroleum benzine,glycol methyl ether and polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether and the living and growth of the yeasts in organic solvents with different logP value were examined.It is discovered that most of these yeasts can keep alive and grow in the presence of organic solvents. Especially the growth of Hansenula anomala in polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ethet, the CFU can reach 41%. These results show that the living and growth of the yeasts in the presence of organic solvents are strictly related with strain characters. Based on above results,the effects of the concentration of Mg2+ and the temperature on the living and growth of the yeasts in organic solvents were studied. For different yeasts the effect of Mg2+ is obviously different. The rising of temperature is unfavourable for the living and growth of the yeasts. Appropriate temperature is necessary for the yeasts to keep alive and grow in organic solvents and further bring into play the maximum catalysis efficiency in organic solvents.

Ethanol was oxidized in supercritical water in an isothermal, plug-flow reactor. The experimental variables included temperatures varying from 748.2 to 823.2K, pressures varying from 22 to 30MPa, reactor residence time varying from 0.6 to 63.7s, and oxygen/ethanol molar feed ratios varying from 4.56 to 9.09. The experimental results showed that monoxide was the major intermediate in the oxidation of ethanol in supercritical water. The global kinetics for ethanol disappearance was described by a rate law that was first order in ethanol and zero order in oxygen. The activation energy was 3.51 ×105 J.mol-1, and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor was 7.74 ×1021 s-1. The deviation between calculated and experimental results was approximately within 10%.

The recent advances in asymmetric reductions of carbonyl compounds with microbial whole-cells as biocatalyst in organic media were reviewed. The factors affecting the recoveries and stereoselectivity in organic media were discussed, and some reactions were listed.

The pyrolysis dechlorination of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) has been carried out by batch operation under atmospheric pressure. The kinetics involved in the PVC thermal decomposition was studied by using thermogravimetric technique. Several tests were carried out at the heating rate of 5-10℃/min, the yields of products and the distribution of chlorine were also studied. The kinetic parameters such as activation energies, reaction orders and preexponential factors under nitrogen atmosphere were calculated by applying Friedmans method. The results showed that the PVC thermal degradation is substantially a two-step process. The first step mainly involves dechlorination of the polymers. HCI is the main volatile product and this reaction can be seen as a first-order reaction. A kinetic model for the thermal dechlorination of PVC has been developed.

The hydrogenation of diene compound and carbonyl group with yeasts was studied. The partly hydrogenation of geraniol to citronellol and the reduction of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol were chosen as model reactions. It shows that Bakers yeasts, XST-KO yeasts and candida2# can catalyze the partly hydrogenation of geraniol to produce citronellol, and candida1#, candida2#, Hansenula anomala, XST-KO yeasts, distillery yeast and bakers yeasts can catalyze the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to yield benzyl alcohol.These resuluts are important to catalysis with microbial cells in organic solvents.

Nature gas is not only an increasing important role in energy and chemicals supplies in 21st century but also the second most important of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases. This paper reviewed the plasma technology application in natural gas chemical engineering, pointed out the problem at present and forecasted plasma concerted catalysis technology will facilitate the nature gas directly conversion into more valuable chemicals supplies economically in short after time.

Dioxins, which are of the most toxic materials on the earth, are principal emitted from waste incineration process. The molecular structures, toxicity parameters, such as toxicity equivalency factor, tolerable daily intake and physic-chemical properties of dioxins are briefly summarized. Three formation mechanisms of dioxins in waste incineration process, namely as de novo synthesis, mechanisms involving small organic molecular as precursors and homogenous gas phase reaction mechanism are alto reviewed. The influencing factors for dioxins formation during waste incineration process are also discussed. Three major methods for reducing dioxins emission from waste incineration process are discussed based upon the formation mechanisms and influencing factors. A new waste incineration process with low dioxins emission and low hydrogen chloride corrosion has been proposed based on multi- stage unit operation principal according to formation mechanisms of dioxins and potential production location in waste incinerators.

A chitosanase-producing bacterium strain is isolated from soil. It was identified as Penicillium sp. Its chitosanase yield was improved by UV irradiation. The chitosanase fermentation condition for the mutant strain was first optimized with Plackett-Burman design and then the influence of the culture temperature, the rotating speed of the rime, the component of the culture medium and the medium volume were studied to optimize the fermentation conditions. A maximum yield of 216.6 U/ml was obtained.

This paper is dealt with the fluidizaion of cohesive particles under transverse rotating magnetic field. The experimental results showed that addition of magnetic peacles and transverse rotating magnetic field can improve fluidization quality of cohesive particles greatly.

In the divided electrolytic cell, with Pt as a anode, SPb as a cathode, sareturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode and DMF+EtOH+Bu4NBr+H2O as a elletrolytic system, the curve of cathode potential-electrical current of electrochemical hydrogenation of lignin was investigated, by which electrolytic reactive kinetic model of lignin was established in this electrolytic system. The reactive kinetic model of electrochemical hydrogenation of lignin was as follows (V=-1.7V ～-2.8V)

Based on pinch analysis method and exergy principle, a new approach is developed to optimize the heat-pump integration between low-temperature distillation column and refrigeration system. In this work, our main contribution is dominated to construct the heat-pumping integration exergy grand composite curve, by which the heat-load and temperature level of heat-pump integration between low-temperature distillation column and refrigeration system are visually targeted. Further, the co-efficiency of exergetic performance of heat-pumping integration is presented and formulated, and it is used to quickly evaluate the shiftwork-saving target of refrigeration system resulted from the heat-pump integration. An ethylene plant cold end case study, which requires to de-bottleneck the bad interaction between ethylene column and propylene refrigeration system, is introduced to demonstrate and validate the presented heat-pump integration approach.

Optimal glucose feed strategy for glycerol fed-batch fermentation was investigated by Pontryagins maximum principle to maximize the final glycerol yield. The problem was solved by a nonsingular control approach by selecting the culture volume as the control variable, then the general optimal feed profile was numerically determined.

The property of extraction solution is an important factor influencing the extraction efficiency. In the present work, the effect of the property of solution on extraction of GA was studied, which including the concentration of ethanol, ammonia and cation (M+), pH of extraction solution, different kinds of organic solvent etc. The results show that 50%-60%(v/v) ethanol can reach high percentage extraction of GA. If 1% (v/v) ammonia solution was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, the percentage extraction can be increased from 2.0% to 2.31%. Without ammonia, 50mmol/L [M+] (M+ = K+, NH4+) was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, percentage extraction of GA can reach about 2.26%. If pH of solution (60% ethanol) was adjust to pH=4.0, it can reach high percentage extraction. If pH of solution (60% ethanol + 50mmol [M+], pH=6.1) was adjust tO PH=4.0, especially M+ is K+ or NH4+, it can reach almost same extraction efficiency as that of 1% ammonia solution + 60% ethanol, and the operation environment can be greatly improved.

In self-suction phase-dispersing equipment, the extraction of penicillin from the mixture of penicillin and protein aqueous solution was studied. It was found that: the extraction equilibrium was not changed with the existence of protein, but the transfer speed of penicillin was slowed down. At the beginning of the process, the oil phase became turbid, settlement could not make the emulsion clear. But the more penicillin was extracted into oil phase, the more clearer the oil phase became. It was showed by Raman spectroscopy that the interactions between proteins and penicillin were much weaker than butyl acetates bindings with penicillin. The result explained why existence of proteins could make extraction of penicillin slow down, and not change the final extraction equilibrium. Data of interfacial tension indicated that the interfacial tension decreased with penicillins transferring into oil phase, which was in faVor of replacing protein from oil-aqueous interface by penicillin.

Kinetics of glycerol production by fermentation with osmotolerant yeast Candida krusei was studied. Suppositions of cell negative effect on and glucose inhibition in specific growth rate and glycerol assumption for energy maintenance were made. Based on the suppositions, a set of unstructured kinetic models including cell groWth, glucose consumption and glycerol accumulation rate was proposed. To avoid the significant decrease of produced glyccerol in the latter fermentation stage, the fermentation was suggested to be ended when the concentration ratio of glycerol to glucose is close to 7.

In this work, a self-suction phase-dispersing reactor was devised as a substitute for sample cell of laser particle instrument. The new self-suction phase-dispersing reactor can produce good dispersing effect at low shear force. It is in favor of keep some biological substances bioactivity such as proteins. It can exclude denature of strong agitation basically and reflect systems inherent emulsification property. Inseting sample cell at deferent height, we can get particle-size distribution in situ. Moreover after add some surfactants, we can investigate particle-size distribution of emulsions instantaneously during emulsification, demulsification, flocculation process.

Poly(ethylene oxide) -poly(propylene oxide) -poly-(ethylene oxide) block copolymers (PEO-PPO- PEO) are encapsulated with sodium alginate hydrogel. The apparent partition coefficients of naphthalene based on inside and outside hydrogel beads of encapsulating six block copolymers are measured, the results indicate that hydrogel encapsulating L122 black copolymer has the largest capacity to extract naphthalene. The extrsction capacity of hydrogel is enhanced by increase temperature. The alginate hydrogel can be reused through a process of dryness, reverse-extraction and regeneration.

In this paper the mass transfer behaviors of Fe(Ⅲ), Co(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) with Cyanex302(bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid) from sulfate medium by using hollow fiber membrane in counter-currently circulating operation were studied. The effect of acidity in aqueous solution and the extractant concentration on the mass transfer coefficient (Kw) was discussed. The reaction mechanism of membrane extraction was considered as a false one series reaCtion and the rate controlling step was membrane resistance. When the value of Kw arrived at 1.0 × 10-6 m/s, △pH:CoFe equaled tO 6.225, and △pH:NiFe was bigger than △p HCoFe.

The enzymes in organic solvents can catalyze reactions impossible in water. These reaCtions are more and more widely used to prepare compounds difficult to be obtained by conventional methods. In this paper, the affecting factor and improvement of activity, enantioselectivity and stability of enzymes in organic solvents are reviewed.

DO-stat batch fermentation of a thrombolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis HL-986 was studied. The thrombolytic enzyme yield reached 930IU/ml by DO-stat fermentation, and was increased 38.8% compared with constant aeration rate. The optimum DO-stat level is 15% controlled in the beginning of fermentstion.

Four bacterial strains have been isolated for their ability to growth on dibenzothiophene (DBT), dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO2). The results show that different bacteria strains oxidize the DBT to different products through different pathways. R-6 and R-16 metabolize DBT to DBTO2 and HBP; they are identified as species of Bacillus brevis and Bacillus sphaericus. For long time storage, R-9 identified as Nocardia globerula oxidizes DBT to DBT-sulfone (DBTO2) and benzenamine n-phenyl. The optimum temperature and pH for growth of R-16 are 32℃ and 7.02 respectively. The pH of broth decreases during the processes.

In the extraction systems of Penicillin G model with aqueous solutions of cetyltrimetyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as aqueous phase and butyl acetate as organic phase, third phase was found at certain conditions. The third was phase formed at the concentration of CTAB lower 0.054 mol/L and at the fixed concentration of Pencillin G 0.042mol/L. The surface tension and viscosity was affected little by increasing the concentration change of CTAB and Pencillin G. Conductivity was affected by increasing the concentration change of CTAB. It was proven that the water and BA were dissloved each other in the third phase. By the component analysis method, the concentration ratio of CTAB and Pencillin G was 1. The third phase was lamellar structure by the observation of transmission electronic microscope (TEM).

This paper mainly dealt with the dissolved oxygen in production of D-ribose by fermentation. The oxygen transfer coefficients of common flask, buffed flask and jar fermentor were determined.

In this paper, the research of the assisted therapy of Chinese herb medicine on tumor over the world is reviewed. The therapeutical mechanism and the clinic effects of Chinese herb medicine on the tumor are also discussed. In addition, the separation and the purification of Chinese herb medicine are forecasted.

A packed sieveplate roll contactor was designed to extraction protein with reversed micelles. The experimental results indicated that the new contactor could solve the phase separation problem of reversed micelles. The lowest salt concentration operating the new contactor with reversed micelles was determined as 0.02mol/L KCI. Petroleum ether, which is much cheaper than pure straight chain hydrocarbons such as isooctane and he-cane and did not lead to denaturization of protein, could be used as solvent in protein eXtraction with reversed micelles.

The mechanics of porous catalyst paricles has been discussed and outlined. Concept of brittle fracture, statistical model of single-particle strength, and bulk crushing strength model were introduced. It is elucidated that the objective of catalyst mechanics research is to establish mechanical reliability model of converters using solid catalysts.

The enrichment behaviors of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in SDS/BSA mixed aqueous system have been studied by the method of foam fractionation. The effect of the interrelation of the two components at the air/Wator interface on foam behaviors has been discussed. The experimental results indicated that the foam properties and enrichment in mixed systems were different from that in the system that two components alone. At low SDS concentration,the enrichement ratio of SDS and BSA were higher by foam fractionation; at high SDS concentration the enrichment ratio of the two components were reduced.

Predispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) is a new extraction technique in which one of the two phases (usually the oil phase) is predispersed into minute droplets. The essential part of this novel technique is the use of colloidal liquid aphrons (CLA) together with colloidal gas aphrons (CGA). The use of colloidal liquid aphrons in predispersed solvent extraction may ameliorate the problems such as emulsion formation, reduction of interfacial mass transfer etc. In this paper, PDSE process, CLA and CGA are systematically reviewed and the potential applications of CLA, CGA and PDSE for the various areas of separation as well as the latest development in this area are discussed.

In this paper. cationic polyelectrolyte chitosan,together with sodium chloride and chlorhydric acid was used to flocculate recombinant E.coli disintegrates after the intracellular product PHAs was removed. Effects of ionic strength, chlorhydric acid and chitosan dosage on flocculation results, pH, OD600, filtraton speed, COD removal were studied, flocculation mechanism was also discussed.

This paper is a brief and selective review on hydrothermal synthesis of advanced materials. Some general comments about the hydrothermal synthesis of materials are presented. In particular, the surface modification and hydrothermal synthesis of functional powders (e.g. the hydrothermal coating of aluminum borate whiskers with chromium oxide, hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-Zn ferrite and magnesium hydroxide ) are introduced and their importance are explained.

The mass-transfer kinetics of ytterbium between aqueous solutions and heptane solutions of CA- 12 and CA-12-HEHEHP have been studied by using a constant interfacial area cell with laminar flow. The results have been interpreted according to a series of reversible interfacial reactions. In this work, it has been discovered that HEHEHP can increase the rate of ytterbium extraction by CA-12.

Magnetic separation technology has many potential applications in biochemistry and biomedicine, such as cell sorting, immunoassay, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization and affinity separation of biomedicine et al, In this review, the recent developments in preparation of magnetic carriers and surface chemical modification for biomagnetic separation are described.

Magnetic separation technology has many potential applications in biochemistry and biomedicine. A short review of magnetic separation equipment and application of magnetic separation methods in biotechnology, including cell sorting, immunoassay, drug delivery, enzyme immobilization and affinity separation of Biomolecules et al, is presented in this paper.

Protein refolding is a bottle-neck for large scale production of valuable proteins expressed as inclusion body in E.coli. The trends and advantages of applying chromatography in protein renaturation process are investigated with regard to suppressing aggregation and enhancing refolding. A new process of urea gradient gel filtration refolding is discussed in comparison with the traditional gel filtration process.

Thin electroless polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film was deposited to the surface o f metal, which can decrease the surface energy of metals. Dropwise condensation occurred at the surface of these films instead of filmwise condensation. Hence the high heat transfer coefficient can be realized. It is caused by the difference of surface energy between liquid and solid. The solid surface energy was measured from the contact angles. The result of experiment consists with analysis. The effect of PTFE content and surface aging to heat transfer were investigated.

The membranes were prepared by the incorporation of highly hydrophobic silicalite and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) from different precursors into the PDMS casting solutions. The pervaporative removal of VOCs, such as benzene, from aqueous solutions was carried out using the separation factor and permeation flux as the evaluating parameters. The effects of the CMS types and structures, feed concentrations on the pervaporation performance were preliminarily investigated.

Employing heteropoly acid/acetone system as chemical extractant, a novel process was developed to selectively remove nitrogen-containing compounds from lubricating oil base stocks. The results showed that the process can effectively reduce the content of nitrogen-containing compounds and thus greatly increase the antioxidative stability of the lubricating oil base stocks, without significantly lowering sulfur content and affecting other physical and chemical properties of the refined base stocks. This work may provide an alternative way for denitrification of lubricating oil base stocks.

For the purpose of the greenization of traditional process industry, this paper puts forward the quantitative evaluation index including atom utilization and resource efficiency by analyzing the known evaluation index of traditional process industry. Taking the chromate industry as example, the new evaluation index shows the great significance of renewing the traditional process industry that has low resource utilization efficiency and hemp pollution.

Column packings play the key role in chromatography, one of the most important technologies in bioseparation. An information system is constructed, with a database containing data on media physical and performance properties, stability, manufactures and related references. Information of nearly 200 media ranging from ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography are collected. The comprehensive evaluation system is targeted to ion exchangers with selection and evaluation functions. It can both select out media with satisfactory stability and can evaluate ion exchanges systematically on their chromatographic properties. The information system is constructed by Microsoft Access 2000 with Visual Basic for Application (VBA). There are 26M bytes data at present.

PVA/ Chitosan (CS) composite membrane was studied in this paper, which could be used for enzyme processing of fat and oils. The parameters such as concentration of lipase, pH, and cross-linking agent as well as metal ions, which influence the immobilization of lipase in membrane, were optimized. The immobilized lipase was 0.66 u/cm2 and the recovery of immobilized lipase activity was 24%. The membrane reactor could be used to synthesize monoglyceride (MG) with many batches.